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Conversely, aerobic training can induce beneficial effects on heart rate variability (HRV), as well as on cardiac structure and function, along with favorable changes in body composition. However, the interrelationship between changes in HRV, cardiac parameters, and adiposity induced by combined training (strength training followed by aerobic training; CT) in obese individuals remains unclear. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of 24\u2009weeks of CT on body composition, physical fitness, ultrasonography\u2010based abdominal fat estimation, echocardiographic parameters, and HRV in obese individuals without dietary modifications. Twenty\u2010eight obese middle\u2010aged men participated in the study: 16 individuals were part of the combined training group (CTG), performing resistance and aerobic training three times per week (~60\u2009min per session), and 12 individuals comprised the control group (CG), who did not engage in any structured training program. Following the intervention, improvements were observed in echocardiographic functional variables, including systolic myocardial velocity, early diastolic myocardial velocity, the ratio of early to late diastolic myocardial velocity, peak early diastolic filling velocity, and the ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling. Additionally, significant enhancements in HRV parameters (RR interval, RMSSD, and low\u2010 and high\u2010frequency components) were detected. Concomitantly, reductions in visceral adiposity were documented. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between adaptations on cardiac functional and HRV indices with clinical variables. Collectively, these findings suggest that CT promotes favorable cardiac functional adaptations that are closely associated with enhanced HRV, while simultaneously reducing visceral adiposity and improving clinical variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:42:45Z","timestamp":1772970165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of combined training on heart rate variability and cardiac function and structure in individuals with grade 1 obesity"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Bonganha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6278-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Luiz Padilha","family":"Bonfante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"},{"name":"Postdoctoral Researcher Program (PPPD) Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keryma Chaves da Silva","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur Fernandes","family":"G\u00e1spari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Sport Climbing Confederation  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Baracat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"De Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Nadruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Regina","family":"Cavaglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara Patricia Traina","family":"Chacon\u2010Mikahil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1393-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.753652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-016-0235-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1296025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01086-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000658"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"H151","article-title":"Exercise\u2010 and hypertension\u2010induced collagen changes are related to left ventricular function in rat hearts","volume":"270","author":"Burgess M. 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