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Mutations in the PKD1 gene represent the predominant genetic cause of autosomal dominant PKD. Here, we investigated how PKD1 knockout affects glycolytic metabolism in NRK\u201052E kidney epithelial cells using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)\u2010enhanced magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with hyperpolarized [1\u2010\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]pyruvate. PKD1 knockout NRK\u201052E kidney epithelial cells showed a significantly elevated pyruvate\u2010to\u2010lactate conversion as measured by hyperpolarized [1\u2010\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]pyruvate (HP\u2010MRS) and significantly increased lactate levels in culture medium, accompanied by upregulated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) gene expression and enzymatic activity. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) expression was selectively altered (significant downregulation of MCT2 and MCT3; MCT1 not significantly changed). Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and transcript levels did not differ between groups. These results demonstrate glycolytic reprogramming associated with PKD1 deficiency and support hyperpolarized pyruvate MRS as a sensitive metabolic biomarker for detecting such alterations in real\u2010time. These findings identify glycolytic remodeling as a robust metabolic consequence of PKD1 loss and demonstrate that HP\u2010[1\u2010\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]pyruvate MRS provides a flux\u2010level biomarker suitable for real\u2010time metabolic characterization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:40:33Z","timestamp":1773906033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycolytic alterations as biomarkers in polycystic kidney disease: A study using a\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>PKD1<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    knockout model in\n                    <scp>NRK<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>52E<\/scp>\n                    rat kidney epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ida Kj\u00e6r","family":"Mieritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Center, Dept. of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus N Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoffer","family":"Laustsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Center, Dept. of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus N Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esben","family":"Axelgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie Rahbek","family":"Dorset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmus O.","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotte Bonde","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Center, Dept. of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus N Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1733835100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b03300"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414813a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.007724"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Polycystic kidney disease: Inheritance, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Halvorson C. 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