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Normally eliminated by the kidneys, oxalate originates from endogenous metabolism and dietary absorption but secretion into the intestine remains an open question. We considered saliva and bile as two potential sources. Previous studies report \u2265100\u2009\u03bcmol\/L oxalate in saliva, far exceeding blood (1\u20133\u2009\u03bcmol\/L), implying secretion. With the liver being the main site of oxalate synthesis, bile is another path\u00a0into the intestine. We set out to (1) Verify these salivary oxalate concentrations and rates of secretion. (2) Measure oxalate concentrations in bile. Saliva was obtained from healthy volunteers and bile from patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Oxalate was determined by commercial assay and ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (IC\u2010MS). With the assay, salivary oxalate averaged 21\u2009\u03bcmol\/L. However, using IC\u2010MS, values were ~1\u2009\u03bcmol\/L, comparable to plasma. This disparity resulted from positive interference with the enzyme\u2010based assay by one or more constituents in saliva. The rate of salivary secretion thus proved negligible. Bile oxalate averaged 14\u2009\u03bcmol\/L, suggesting hepatocyte secretion but biliary clearance is minor (&lt;5%), relative to urine. We conclude saliva and bile are insignificant sources of secretion and unnecessary for determining oxalate clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:58:42Z","timestamp":1776398322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are saliva and bile sources of oxalate secretion into the human gastrointestinal tract?"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Earhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tielleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9683-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Whittamore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(10)72003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/116.3.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00238.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/7.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(72)90175-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5404-8_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2015.56.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1956.304.1-2.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0611-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.10.1703"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.8.1540"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V351098"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00544-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31474"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00643-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(75)90075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00481.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869486"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2004.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(90)90252-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Alterations in intestinal transport of oxalate in disease states","volume":"9","author":"Hatch M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scanning Microscopy"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V561339"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Dietary oxalate and its intestinal absorption","volume":"9","author":"Holmes R. 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