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Comprehensive biomarker analysis revealed relevant changes in oxidative stress parameters and cardiac muscle markers. Notably, a critical time point at 6\u2009h (T2) emerged, characterized by peak oxidative stress and diminished antioxidant capacity, followed by progressive cardiac strain as evidenced by elevated creatine kinase isoenzime (CK\u2010MBm) and N\u2010terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT\u2010proBNP) levels. Despite these physiological challenges, no pathological tissue damage was detected, indicating effective endogenous defense mechanisms. Moreover, no significant psychophysiological symptoms were detected before, during, and after the dive, except for tiredness and insomnia. Cognitive assessments reflected adaptive shifts in response strategies under prolonged stress, emphasizing the importance of monitoring to prevent operational risks. These findings highlight the need to consider dive duration carefully, suggesting that introducing rest intervals or personnel rotation around the critical T2 threshold may mitigate physiological fatigue and optimize performance. This study provides valuable insights into human adaptation to extended hyperbaric conditions and informs safety protocols for commercial and military diving operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:49:31Z","timestamp":1774327771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychophysical stress during a 24\u2009h dive: A case study of an older male diver"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Barassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi of Milan  Milan Italy"},{"name":"ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Brizzolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi of Milan  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Apnea Academy Research  Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi of Milan  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Caretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi of Milan  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Nenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology University of Padua  Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Egi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department Galatasaray University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Caldirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Como Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Alciati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humanitas, Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humanitas, Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Dacc\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Como Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2495-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara Alessia","family":"Moltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comftech Srl  Monza Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7655-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Cialoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life San Raffaele University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving","author":"Brubakk A. 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