{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T07:55:40Z","timestamp":1777276540996,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Long\u2010term cardiovascular consequences of COVID\u201019 remain unclear, particularly in non\u2010hospitalized individuals. We investigated longitudinal changes (~3\u2009years) in cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac biomarkers, physical functioning, and activity in non\u2010hospitalized COVID\u201019 individuals versus age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls. Assessments were performed in 2021 (~6\u2009months post\u2010infection) and repeated 3\u2009years after initial SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection among 101 non\u2010hospitalized COVID\u201019 participants and 101 healthy age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls. Multiple imputation was adopted to adjust for missing data due to drop\u2010out. Based on the absence (\u2212) or presence (+) of infections during follow\u2010up, four groups were created: COVID\u201019\/\u2212 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200945), COVID\u201019\/+ (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200956), Control\/\u2212 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929), and Control\/+ (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200972). Additionally, sex\u2010stratified analyses were performed. No changes were found in parameters related to cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac biomarkers, physical functioning and physical activity across the 3\u2010year follow\u2010up, showing no time\u2009\u00d7\u2009group effects for any of the outcomes (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010values &gt;0.05). Sex\u2010stratified analyses and complete\u2010case sensitivity analysis reinforced our results. Overall, we found no changes in cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac biomarkers, physical functioning and activity across a 3\u2010year follow\u2010up in non\u2010hospitalized COVID\u201019 individuals compared to healthy controls, independent of infections during follow\u2010up. This suggests that non\u2010hospitalized COVID\u201019 did not induce long\u2010term deleterious changes in cardiovascular health or physical characteristics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:18:50Z","timestamp":1776489530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in cardiovascular health and physical functioning in non\u2010hospitalized, adult\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 patients after 3\u2009years of follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4001-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke I. A.","family":"Vloet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esm\u00e9e A.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary and Community Care Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen M.","family":"van der Sluijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3474-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme F.","family":"Speretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center Federal University of Santa Catarina  Florianop\u00f3lis Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"van der Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Jeroen Bosch Hospital  \u2018s\u2010Hertogenbosch The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thijs M. H.","family":"Eijsvogels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7707-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dick H. J.","family":"Thijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool 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