{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T06:07:10Z","timestamp":1783836430180,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We had demonstrated that the intragastric administration of distilled water increased male rat jejunal lymph flow and interleukin\u201022 levels in the lymph, resulting in the promotion of innate immunity. However, there is no information concerning whether the water intake regulates mucosal immunity in the jejunum of male rats. Based on the evidence, we investigated the effects of distilled water intake on gut immunity in the rat jejunum. Water intake significantly stimulated the release of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 in mesenteric lymph. However, the concentration of IL\u201010 was not changed by water intake. Pretreatment with clodronate significantly decreased the lymph flow at 120\u2013180 min after the intake. Clodronate significantly reduced water intake\u2010mediated release of IL\u20101\u03b2 and decreased, but not significantly, the release of IL\u20106. MyD88 inhibitor significantly decreased water intake\u2010mediated release of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106. However, clodronate and MyD88 inhibitor did not significantly change IL\u201010 in the lymph. The expression levels of the macrophage markers CD68, F4\/80, and CD169 in the jejunal villi significantly decreased due to pretreatment with clodronate. These findings suggest that water intake acts as a trigger for starting mucosal immunity in the jejunum via macrophage and MyD88\u2010mediated activation of the release of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:07:08Z","timestamp":1777522028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water intake regulates mucosal immunity in rat jejunal villi via\n                    <scp>IL<\/scp>\n                    \u20101\u03b2,\n                    <scp>IL<\/scp>\n                    \u20106, and\n                    <scp>IL<\/scp>\n                    \u201010"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6223-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norika","family":"Kuneshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3583-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moyuru","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"},{"name":"Division of Physiology Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomomi","family":"Watanabe\u2010Asaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"},{"name":"Division of Physiology Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Maejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"},{"name":"Division of Physiology Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5202-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Ohhashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02822-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0419-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00303.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","first-page":"S57","article-title":"Role of innate immune response in liver regulation","volume":"1","author":"Iimuro Y.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterol Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"921","article-title":"Water intake releases serotonin from enterochromaffin cells in rats jejunal villi","volume":"473","author":"Kajihara R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of 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