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While previous research has identified early risk factors in CVD pathogenesis, the physiological mechanisms underlying sex and age differences remain poorly understood. To date, no review has synthesized perturbation\u2010focused studies to clarify sex differences and female physiology, so this narrative review characterized these differences by outlining vascular responses to five acute, commonly encountered perturbations: ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury (IRI), hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, cold pressor test (CPT), and mental stress. Our synthesis of studies investigating arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, two established early cardiovascular risk factors, reveals sex differences: across perturbations, males respond more uniformly whereas females show greater variability. Specifically, endothelial function responses to IRI and CPT suggest that females may exhibit protection against these perturbations. Most perturbation\u2010outcome interactions reflect age and hormonal effects, with postmenopausal females often exhibiting the greatest dysfunction. Future research should directly examine sex differences and female\u2010specific responses after IRI and hyperlipemia. By clarifying sex differences and female\u2010specific vascular responses to acute perturbations, this work advances understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and informs targeted prevention of CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:48:52Z","timestamp":1786369732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From protection to predisposition: A narrative review of sex\u2010specific vascular responses to acute stressors across the lifespan"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mya","family":"Lax","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9501-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Health Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology &amp; Physical Education Wilfrid Laurier University  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2009.009186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2017.1285044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31816d5b1c"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84712"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00601-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nen048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.727604"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","article-title":"Gender disparities in cardiovascular disease and their management: A review","volume":"16","author":"Betai D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.3042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-03961-1.50017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-008-9022-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.054205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20140022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Women and Cardiovaascular Disease: Addressing Disparities in Care","author":"Campbell K. 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