{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:43:19Z","timestamp":1789468999238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017642","name":"Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020\u2010113098RB\u2010I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020\u2010113098RB\u2010I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Long COVID (post\u2010acute sequelae of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection) affects approximately 5%\u201330% of survivors and is characterized by persistent fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and cognitive impairment. We evaluated the immunological effects of supervised exercise in adults with long COVID. In this pre\u2010specified exploratory substudy of the EXER\u2010COVID randomized 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 crossover trial, participants completed a 6\u2010week supervised exercise program (twice weekly) or usual care before crossing over after a 3\u20135 day washout. Plasma cytokines (IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, TNF\u2010\u03b1, MCP\u20101\/CCL2, MIP\u20101\u03b1\/CCL3, MIP\u20101\u03b2\/CCL4, and IP\u201010\/CXCL10) were measured by multiplex immunoassay. Immunophenotyping included 20 CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\u2010cell subsets and five innate immune populations. Treatment effects were estimated using within\u2010period change scores, with multiple testing controlled by the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg procedure (false discovery rate &lt;\u20095%). Five variables reached nominal significance before correction (two CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\u2010cell subsets and IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201010, and MIP\u20101\u03b1), but none remained significant after adjustment. No changes were observed in innate immune populations, and no evidence of carryover was detected. Supervised exercise was not associated with significant immunological changes after correction for multiple comparisons, supporting the short\u2010term immunological safety of moderate\u2010intensity exercise in PESE\u2010negative adults with long COVID (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    : NCT04797871).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:31:36Z","timestamp":1787981496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological effects of supervised exercise in long\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    in adults: A secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8353-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA)  Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1506-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikel","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA)  Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Arasanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department Hospital Universitario de Navarra  Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"Oncobiona Group, Navarrabiomed  Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"IdiSNA; Oncoimmunology Group  Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3075-6960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robinson","family":"Ram\u00edrez\u2010V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA)  Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185590"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.34304"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00648"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105733"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1051059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01631-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-009-9100-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf0683"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802003000100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"COVID\u201019 Rapid Guideline: Managing the Long\u2010Term Effects of COVID\u201019","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-017-0006-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00622.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109518"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01113-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay4014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae721"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11131-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Can exercise affect immune function to increase susceptibility to infection?","volume":"26","author":"Simpson R. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exercise Immunology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","article-title":"Impact of acute exercise on PBMC metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Theall B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-016-9642-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3862"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403211"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.71031","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.14814\/phy2.71031","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.71031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:21:09Z","timestamp":1789464069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.14814\/phy2.71031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14814\/phy2.71031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.71031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-817X","2051-817X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-817X","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-817X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71031"}}