{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:28:50Z","timestamp":1786685330639,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We evaluated the effects of evening swimming exercise on sleep variables in male swimmers. In a crossover design, 12 competitive male swimmers completed two trials (6:30\u20138:30\u2009\n                    <jats:sc>pm<\/jats:sc>\n                    ): the high\u2010intensity swimming exercise condition (EX) and no\u2010exercise condition (CON). Sleep quality was assessed using electroencephalography, and core body temperature (CBT) was evaluated by the pill type thermometer. Average CBT during the intervention period was significantly higher in EX (37.8\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00b0C) compared with CON (37.1\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00b0C,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05). However, at bedtime (11:00\u2009\n                    <jats:sc>pm<\/jats:sc>\n                    ), CBT did not differ significantly between the conditions (37.2\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00b0C in EX vs. 37.2\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00b0C in CON,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&gt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05). In EX, the duration and the percentage of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were significantly lower (81.4\u2009\u00b1\u200926.7\u2009min in EX vs. 107.6\u2009\u00b1\u200939.5\u2009min in CON,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05), and wake after sleep onset was significantly higher (23.5\u2009\u00b1\u200939.6\u2009min in EX vs. 3.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009min in CON,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05). However, other sleep variables did not differ significantly between the conditions (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&gt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05). These findings suggest that evening swimming exercise induced selective rather than generalized impairments in sleep.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:21:08Z","timestamp":1786598468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of evening swimming exercise on sleep parameters in male swimmers"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomotaka","family":"Natsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takenobu","family":"Chugun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Tomiishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rin","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Maeoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Medical Technology Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare  Kurashiki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9911-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazushige","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102796.2003.01195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12964"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00020.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3182a62e2f"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20101781(89)90047\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768\u2010196909000\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20102007\u20101024687"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2762"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041330"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199407000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.030999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2011.01300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101535"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"A self\u2010assessment questionnaire to determine morningness\u2010eveningness in human circadian rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Horne J. 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