{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:19:02Z","timestamp":1787811542240,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Muscle atrophy caused by inactivity leads to declines in multiple physiological functions, including brain function. Although skeletal muscle is known to secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes, how inactivity\u2010induced muscle atrophy alters the properties and functions of these EVs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of cast immobilization\u2013induced muscle atrophy on the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of skeletal muscle\u2010derived EVs in mice, as well as their impact on transcriptome changes in brain neurons. Muscle atrophy induced by cast immobilization significantly altered the microRNA profiles of skeletal muscle\u2010derived EVs, with 25 microRNAs upregulated and 2 microRNAs downregulated compared with controls. Moreover, treatment of brain neurons with EVs derived from atrophic skeletal muscle markedly changed neuronal mRNA expression profiles. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that upregulated mRNAs in EV\u2010treated neurons were enriched in genes involved in the positive regulation of programmed cell death, including apoptosis. Consistently, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated activation of apoptosis\u2010related signaling pathways in brain neurons. These findings suggest that muscle atrophy\u2013induced alterations in skeletal muscle\u2010derived EVs may contribute to brain dysfunction by promoting apoptotic processes in brain neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:13:07Z","timestamp":1786684387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracellular vesicles derived from immobilization\u2010induced atrophic muscle of male mice contain distinct\n                    <scp>microRNA<\/scp>\n                    profiles and impact\n                    <scp>mRNA<\/scp>\n                    profiles in brain neurons"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriaki","family":"Kawanishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Advanced Engineering Chiba Institute of Technology  Narashino Japan"},{"name":"Research Organization for Nano &amp; Life Innovation Waseda University  Shinjuku\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science Juntendo University  Inzai Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-2757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuichi","family":"Machida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science Juntendo University  Inzai Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University  Tokorozawa Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13485"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2023.194988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223\u2010014\u20109915\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201098761\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00121.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12830"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00177.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574\u2010019\u20100174\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202515362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1029473"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2020.12.006"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.71052","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.14814\/phy2.71052","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.71052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:42:13Z","timestamp":1787809333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.14814\/phy2.71052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14814\/phy2.71052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.71052","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-817X","2051-817X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-817X","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-817X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71052"}}