{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:28:52Z","timestamp":1786685332716,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We evaluated acute (Study A) and chronic (Study B) effects of a novel breath\u2010hold technique (BHT) protocol on performance in military personnel. In Study A, 11 healthy male participants completed either rest or a 40\u2010min BHT before 15\u2009min steady\u2010state (SS) cycling at 80% V\u0307O\n                    <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and a 5\u2010min time trial (TT). BHT acutely increased V\u0307O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (200.3%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.005), produced a significant rise in hemoglobin (Hb; 3%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.030), and altered end\u2010tidal oxygen (ETO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; 2.99%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.054), and lower end\u2010tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; 12.1%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.065), reflecting changes in pulmonary gas exchange following breath\u2010hold exposure, during rest. During SS, blood lactate was lower with BHT (\u221212.2%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.051; subsample\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093). TT work was greater after BHT (84.4\u2009\u00b1\u200912.8\u2009kJ vs. 78\u2009\u00b1\u200913.4\u2009kJ;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.019). In Study B, 48 United States Marine Corps Officer Candidates completed 3\u2009weeks of BHT during training, with performance assessed via 3\u2010mile run time. Run performance improved in both groups (BHT 7.2%; CON 4.9%). Hb concentration increased in BHT (4.3%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.037), but declined in CON (\u22126.6%). Pre\u2010test arterial oxygen saturation (S\n                    <jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was higher in BHT (97.7%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9% vs. 96.9%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03), while estimated partial pressures of arterial oxygen (P\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and carbon dioxide (P\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), used as indices of systemic gas exchange status, were similar between groups. These findings suggest that acute responses to BHT may translate into adaptations when repeated, supporting BHT as an adjunct to endurance training and warranting larger, mechanistic trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:25:41Z","timestamp":1786598741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute and chronic application of novel incremental breath\u2010hold technique increases endurance exercise performance in healthy men and male military personnel"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bert","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alistair J.","family":"Monteyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6312-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis B.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00770.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090531"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.700757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010024\u201005563\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153857449803200307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10112296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000495581.06853.6c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.4.1785"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010021\u201004664\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2011.01391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00055.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A review of the progressive nature of physical conditioning to train Royal Marine Commandos","author":"Fallowfield J. 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