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This study aimed to determine whether breathing route influences O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced lung function changes during exercise. Thirteen recreationally active participants (6 females, V\u0307O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    peak\u2009=\u200945.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.3\u2009mL\/kg\/min), with no history of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease or exercise\u2010induced bronchoconstriction, completed a double\u2010blind crossover study with four experimental visits. Participants performed 30\u2009min of low\u2010intensity cycling (90% of power at the first ventilatory threshold) while breathing exclusively nasally or orally under room air or 0.40\u2009ppm O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Spirometry was assessed before and after each trial, and dyspnea (Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile) every 5\u2009min during exercise. O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure impaired pulmonary function, reducing FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , FVC, PEF, FEF25\u201375, and FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/FVC (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Regardless of environmental condition, oral breathing produced modestly greater post\u2010exercise reductions in FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , PEF, FEF25\u201375, and FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/FVC than nasal breathing, but no breathing route \u00d7 environment interaction was observed. Nasal breathing was associated with greater breathing effort and air hunger (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Thus, O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure impaired pulmonary function and increased dyspnea regardless of breathing route. Although nasal breathing slightly attenuated overall post\u2010exercise lung function decline, it did not protect against O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced pulmonary impairment and increased breathing discomfort during exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:25:18Z","timestamp":1787639118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of breathing route on pulmonary and sensory responses to ozone exposure during exercise in adults"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 C.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE\u2010USP), School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan K.","family":"Comeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Skirrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Boulianne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hansen\u2010Barkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences McGill University  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jem I.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0407-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romulo","family":"Bertuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE\u2010USP), School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Koehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Division of Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire Motricit\u00e9 Humaine Expertise Sport Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d'Azur  Nice France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.2.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.3.805"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.163303"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Ozone stimulates synthesis of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"13","author":"Arsalane K.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.3.8630571"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1815"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","author":"De Pauw K.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015\u20100153"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.4.1330"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"726","article-title":"Impaired exercise performance and pulmonary function in elite cyclists during low\u2010level ozone exposure in a hot environment","volume":"134","author":"Gong H.","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00085.2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Triathlete adapts to breathing restricted to the nasal passage without loss in VO2max or VVo2max","volume":"4","author":"Hostetter K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Human Performance"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1988.9934949"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"1599","volume-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","author":"Illidi C. 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