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However, whether SGLT2 inhibitors directly influence central pathways governing these fluid\u2010regulatory responses remains unclear. We here investigated\n                    <jats:italic>Sglt2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in thirst\u2010regulating centers, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO) and hypothalamic AVP\u2010synthesizing regions, including the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Droplet digital PCR analysis revealed\n                    <jats:italic>Sglt2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in all regions, at levels comparable to angiotensin receptor 1a, a key regulator of drinking behavior. In\u00a0situ hybridization confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>Sglt2<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA signals in OVLT, SFO, SON, and PVN. Double in\u00a0situ hybridization revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Sglt2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is co\u2010expressed in approximately 48%\u201360% of thirst\u2010promoting NOS1 neurons in the OVLT and SFO. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>Sglt2<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in over 80% of AVP\u2010synthesizing neurons and approximately 60% of oxytocin neurons within the SON and PVN. Our findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors have the potential to directly modulate central thirst and neuroendocrine responses, offering a novel anatomical framework for understanding their systemic effects on fluid balance and cardio\u2010renal protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:10:11Z","timestamp":1789452611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>SGLT2<\/scp>\n                    gene expression in thirst\u2010promoting\n                    <scp>NOS1<\/scp>\n                    neurons and vasopressin\u2010synthesizing neurons in male rats"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Jichi Medical University  Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahide","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology Jichi Medical University  Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Vallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of California San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Morishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Jichi Medical University  Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Jichi Medical University  Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5666-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsushi","family":"Onaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology Jichi Medical University  Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Chapter\u00a014 \u2010 Hypothalamic Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei","author":"Armstrong W. 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