{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:56:51Z","timestamp":1790575011079,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Echocardiography is critical for characterizing murine models of cardiovascular disease, yet normative data for the early postnatal period, particularly advanced functional metrics like myocardial strain, remain undefined. This developmental window features rapid cardiac maturation and is central to modeling congenital and neonatal heart disease. To establish normative, sex\u2010specific trajectories of cardiac structure and function between birth and adulthood, we performed prospective high\u2010frequency echocardiography in C57BL\/6 mice at postnatal day 0 (P0), P8, P21, and week 8 (Wk8). Somatic growth and left ventricular structural dimensions increased progressively from P0 to Wk8. This structural maturation was accompanied by lower ejection fraction and fractional shortening, attributable to geometric remodeling. In contrast, speckle\u2010tracking strain analysis revealed that intrinsic myocardial deformation, including global circumferential and radial strain, remained stable throughout postnatal development. Importantly, we identified sexual dimorphism emerging during late adolescence; by Wk8, males exhibited significantly greater longitudinal and radial strain magnitudes than females. This study provides the first prospective, myocardial strain\u2010based echocardiographic characterization of murine cardiac development between birth and adulthood, identifying P21\u2013Wk8 as a critical window for sex\u2010specific cardiac mechanics. These normative trajectories provide a translational framework for interpreting cardiac phenotypes in preclinical models of congenital, pediatric, and developmental cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:07:57Z","timestamp":1790237277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prospective echocardiographic characterization of postnatal cardiac development in C57BL\/6 mice: Strain analysis between birth and adulthood"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sehjin","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Spyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Critical Care Medicine Division, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan G.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor A.","family":"Covington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Harvard University Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind K.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Harvard University Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Harvard University Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotios","family":"Spyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0027-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.239574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","article-title":"Assessment of right ventricular structure and function in mouse model of pulmonary artery constriction by transthoracic echocardiography","volume":"84","author":"Cheng H. 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