{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:50:33Z","timestamp":1791960633835,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM113125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM113125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HLI557644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HLI557644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Linear heart rate variability (HRV) quantifies heart rate (HR) changes due to stochastic processes while nonlinear HRV captures the complexity of the HR structure. Although linear HRV in childhood and adolescence has been explored, little is known about nonlinear HRV. The present study characterized short\u2010term linear and nonlinear HRV in typically\u2010developing children (7\u201312\u2009years,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200935) and adolescents (13\u201317\u2009years,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929). HRV during quiet rest was assessed using a three\u2010lead electrocardiogram for 5\u2010min and analyzed using linear (time and frequency domain) and nonlinear (Poinc\u00e1re analysis, approximate [ApEn] and sample entropy [Sampen], and detrended fluctuation analysis [DFA]) metrics. A greater mean RR time\u2010interval was observed in adolescents (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007). Time\u2010domain HRV was not different between children and adolescents, although sex differences were observed, such that females had lower linear HRV (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05, \u2009&gt;\u200962); namely, standard deviation of the normal sinus interbeat intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of the successive differences between the normal interbeat intervals (RMSSD). ApEn was lower in adolescent males (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u2009=\u200986). Short\u2010term scaling DFA was also lower in adolescents (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.023, \u2009=\u200964). Poincar\u00e9 analysis revealed higher nonlinear short\u2010term (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.003, \u2009=\u200968) and long\u2010term variability (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, \u2009=\u200983) in males. Nonlinear metrics correlated with linear indices of parasympathetic tone. Collectively, age and sex differences were observed in nonlinear HRV in children and adolescents. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nonlinear HRV during development and how these processes are altered in childhood disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:58:41Z","timestamp":1791183521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing short\u2010term linear and nonlinear heart rate variability in typically developing children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexs A.","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele N.","family":"D'Agata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista M.","family":"Szymanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan C.","family":"Ciecko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Witman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-3-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020325"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015212328405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00903.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-008-9105-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.196428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2018.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.11.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"ed1988","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90385-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.7.1837"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"Relation of heart rate to left ventricular dimensions in normotensive, normal\u2010weight children, adolescents and adults","volume":"2","author":"Simone G.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Italian Heart Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.06.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(94)00117-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/219080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.28.269"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Heart rate variability in healthy six\u2010 to sixteen year old children","volume":"28","author":"Galeev A. 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