{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:50:33Z","timestamp":1791960633679,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Closed\u2010circuit rebreather (CCR) and helium\u2010based breathing mixtures are widely used in technical diving. This study compared the effects of Heliox and Trimix on pulmonary function and decompression stress during CCR dives. Nineteen divers performed a standardized dive (50\u2009\u00b1\u20093 msw, 147\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009min) using Heliox (16% O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/84% He;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) or Trimix (16% O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/32% He\/52% N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910). Pre\u2010 and post\u2010dive venous gas emboli (VGE), pulmonary function, lung ultrasound, heart rate variability, and inflammatory parameters were assessed. VGE were detected in all Heliox divers but in only 50% of Trimix divers. Heliox exhibited higher VGE counts 45\u2009min post\u2010dive than Trimix (12 [IQR 3\u201332] vs. 0 [IQR 0\u20136],\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03); this difference disappeared by 90\u2009min. No clinically significant pulmonary function changes were observed. Lung diffusion capacity decreased moderately regardless of breathing gas (\u22126%\u2009\u00b1\u20097%). Lung ultrasound revealed minor transient B\u2010line changes. Dive induced mild inflammatory responses, including neutrophilia and increased MRP8\/14 in both groups. Heliox divers also showed transient complement activation alongside increased circulating platelets. CCR dives induced limited pulmonary stress, without gas\u2010dependent differences. Although Heliox may promote a higher post\u2010dive VGE burden and inflammatory responses, the relationship between these physiological effects and decompression sickness risk remains uncertain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:44:47Z","timestamp":1791269087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heliox versus trimix in closed\u2010circuit rebreather diving: A comparative study of pulmonary and decompression stress in male divers"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3691-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Gouin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"},{"name":"Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Intensive Care Units CHU La Cavale Blanche  Brest France"},{"name":"Divers Alert Network  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Orsat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Dugrenot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"},{"name":"Divers Alert Network  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Lampe Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Subaquatic Operational Research Team (ERRSO), Military Institute of Biomedical Research (IRBA)  Toulon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9997-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhiannon J.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"},{"name":"Divers Alert Network  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Leman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0797-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u00e9onore","family":"Bettacchioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Immunotherapy Laboratory CHU Morvan  Brest France"},{"name":"Univ Brest, LBAI UMR 1227, Inserm  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-5205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Theron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Agn\u00e8s","family":"Giroux\u2010Metges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"},{"name":"Lung Function Unit CHU La Cavale Blanche  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwan","family":"L'Her","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit CHU La Cavale Blanche  Brest France"},{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory LaTIM UMR 1101, Inserm  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0283-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Laboratory ORPHY EA 4324, IBSAM  Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Rebreathers and Scientific Diving. 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