{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:50:35Z","timestamp":1791960635085,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Childhood malnutrition remains a global challenge; Kyrgyzstan has reduced it, though disparities persist. We hypothesized that developmental differences between lowland and highland children reflect altitude adaptation, not malnutrition alone, obscuring monitoring. This study compared children from Naryn (2400\u2009m) to Bishkek (800\u2009m), examining respiratory, hematological, and anthropometric development. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study among healthy Kyrgyz schoolchildren aged 10\u201312 from Naryn and Bishkek. Measurements included anthropometrics, spirometry, hemoglobin, hand\u2010grip strength, and vital signs. Linear regression controlled for socioeconomic, maternal, nutritional, and healthcare factors. Compared to Naryn (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009143), Bishkek children (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009123) were taller (2.7\u2009cm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006), heavier (2.7\u2009kg,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008), with larger waist (2.7\u2009cm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007) and mid\u2010upper arm circumferences (0.7\u2009cm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.023), lower hemoglobin (\u221214.4\u2009g\/L,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), higher oxygen saturation (2.1%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), weaker hand\u2010grip strength (\u22121.3\u2009kgf,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.013), and higher HAZ (0.5,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No differences existed in BMI or BAZ. Naryn males were shorter than females (\u22123.60\u2009cm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.024). Bishkek children had lower FEV1 (\u22120.4,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006) and FVC\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010scores (\u22120.48,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003). High\u2010altitude Kyrgyz children showed developmental and respiratory patterns suggesting physiological adaptation, though malnutrition cannot be excluded. Lower birthweight partially explained reduced height but not lung function or male\u2010specific growth, highlighting the need for altitude\u2010specific growth and respiratory references and continued research in pediatric high\u2010altitude populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:36:09Z","timestamp":1791869769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altitude and child development: A cross\u2010sectional comparative study of children in urbanized low\u2010altitude and rural high\u2010altitude settings in Kyrgyzstan"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8510-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam B\u00f8cker Toft","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Isaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Maternity and Childhood Care (NCMCC)  Bishkek Kyrgyz Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madina","family":"Umetalieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Maternity and Childhood Care (NCMCC)  Bishkek Kyrgyz Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nargiza","family":"Osmonbaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Higher School of Medicine  Bishkek Kyrgyz Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie Valborg","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea Deniz Lund","family":"Serefoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freya Natasha","family":"Kretzchmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisse Dyrl\u00f8v","family":"H\u00f8egh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Kj\u00e6rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juliane Marie Centre Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Gjerum","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juliane Marie Centre Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talant","family":"Sooronbaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Cardiology and Internal Medicine Named After Academician M. 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