{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:39:21Z","timestamp":1792481961652,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2103499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2103499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Homeostasis is often taught as steady\u2010state regulation keeping internal variables within narrow limits\u2014reflecting a mammalian bias. Yet, canonical homeostasis is far from universal. In many animals, including humans, normal physiological states allow some variables to fluctuate cyclically or stochastically while others remain tightly controlled. Indeed, across non\u2010mammalian species, broad physiological variability is frequently normal rather than exceptional. Here we present case studies showing that plastic, variable regulation\u2014sometimes approaching randomness\u2014is both common and adaptive. Examples include intermittent breathing during diving, episodic feeding and digestion, pulsatile hormone release, variable sleep cycles, irregular gastric emptying, fluctuating renal blood flow, and stochastic immune responses. These complex regulatory patterns represent evolved strategies\u2014not failures of homeostasis\u2014allowing organisms to function efficiently in dynamic environments. Such flexible regulation, including unregulated intervals, may minimize energetic costs compared with continuous tight control, enhancing evolutionary fitness. We propose that variable degrees of physiological regulation have evolved as energy\u2010efficient solutions shaped by natural selection. Expanding the concept of homeostasis to include intermittent and stochastic forms will improve our understanding of physiological adaptation, with significant implications for ecology and evolutionary biology. We further advocate new experimental approaches to distinguish adaptive variability from true regulatory failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.71150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:54:57Z","timestamp":1792479297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond canonical homeostasis: Dynamic, plastic, and intermittently unregulated physiology as the norm"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren","family":"Burggren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobis","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2019.10.013","article-title":"Order by chance: Origins and benefits of stochasticity in immune cell fate control","volume":"18","author":"Abadie K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Systems Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"466","volume-title":"Methods in Neurosciences","author":"Ackland J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-023-01126-7","article-title":"Physiological confounders of renal blood flow measurement","volume":"37","author":"Alhummiany B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magma"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.03.009","article-title":"The still dark side of the moon: Molecular mechanisms of lunar\u2010controlled rhythms and clocks","volume":"432","author":"Andreatta G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00131.2014","article-title":"Rapid changes in gene expression direct rapid shifts in intestinal form and function in the Burmese python after feeding","volume":"47","author":"Andrew A. 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