{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:24:02Z","timestamp":1792182242628,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychiatry Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering the pivotal role of negative emotional experiences in the development and persistence of mental disorders, interfering with the consolidation\/reconsolidation of such experiences would open the door to a novel treatment approach in psychiatry. We conducted a meta-analysis on the experimental evidence regarding the capacity of the \u03b2-blocker propranolol to block the consolidation\/reconsolidation of emotional memories in healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selected studies consisted of randomized, double-blind experiments assessing long-term memory for emotional material in healthy adults and involved at least 1 propranolol and 1 placebo condition. We searched PsycInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, PILOTS, Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.org for eligible studies from the period 1995\u20132012. Ten consolidation ( n = 259) and 8 reconsolidation ( n = 308) experiments met the inclusion criteria. We calculated effect sizes (Hedges g) using a random effects model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with placebo, propranolol given before memory consolidation reduced subsequent recall for negatively valenced stories, pictures and word lists (Hedges g = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14\u20130.74). Propranolol before reconsolidation also reduced subsequent recall for negatively valenced emotional words and the expression of cue-elicited fear responses (Hedges g = 0.56, 95% CI 0.13\u20131.00).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limitations include the moderate number of studies examining the influence of propranolol on emotional memory consolidation and reconsolidation in healthy adults and the fact that most samples consisted entirely of young adults, which may limit the ecological validity of results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propranolol shows promise in reducing subsequent memory for new or recalled emotional material in healthy adults. However, future studies will need to investigate whether more powerful idiosyncratic emotional memories can also be weakened and whether this weakening can bring about long-lasting symptomatic relief in clinical populations, such as patients with posttraumatic stress or other event-related disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T15:10:15Z","timestamp":1372432215000},"page":"222-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Propranolol\u2019s effects on the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term emotional memory in healthy participants: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Michelle H.","family":"Lonergan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Que., Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lening A.","family":"Olivera-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, and US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Conn., USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger K.","family":"Pitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass., USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Que., Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"b1-pg222\/b1-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.11.025","volume":"208","author":"Mueller D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"b2-pg222\/b2-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.9.1480","volume":"158","author":"Brunet A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"b3-pg222\/b3-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90437-7","volume":"27","author":"Pitman RK","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b4-pg222\/b4-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90033-4","volume":"26","author":"Pitman RK","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b5-pg222\/b5-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20284","volume":"25","author":"Gershuny BS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"b6-pg222\/b6-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01157-X","volume":"49","author":"Heim C","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b7-pg222\/b7-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.132","volume":"126","author":"Spinhoven P","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"b8-pg222\/b8-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2676357","volume":"41","author":"Dohrenwend BP","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"b9-pg222\/b9-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110388324","volume":"25","author":"Duka T","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"b10-pg222\/b10-pg222_1","first-page":"440","volume-title":"Physiology of behavior","author":"Carlson NR","year":"2010","edition":"10"},{"key":"b11-pg222\/b11-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/371702a0","volume":"371","author":"Cahill L","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"b12-pg222\/b12-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0391-6","volume":"188","author":"Chamberlain SR","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b13-pg222\/b13-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1126\/science.160.3827.554","volume":"160","author":"Misanin JR","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"b14-pg222\/b14-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/35021052","volume":"406","author":"Nader K","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"b15-pg222\/b15-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06623.1999","volume":"19","author":"Przybyslawski J","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"b16-pg222\/b16-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(96)00153-2","volume":"84","author":"Przybyslawski J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"b17-pg222\/b17-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.05.006","volume":"42","author":"Brunet A","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"b18-pg222\/b18-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1999.3950","volume":"74","author":"Cahill L","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"b19-pg222\/b19-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300104","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Carroll RE","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"b20-pg222\/b20-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.518","volume":"96","author":"Davis HP","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"b21-pg222\/b21-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.08.018","volume":"129","author":"Debiec J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"b22-pg222\/b22-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.028","volume":"71","author":"Schwabe L","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b23-pg222\/b23-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3105333.x","volume":"31","author":"Holroyd KA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"b24-pg222\/b24-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.846501","volume":"120","author":"Raj SR","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"b25-pg222\/b25-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90592-7","volume":"72","author":"Brantigan CO","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"b26-pg222\/b26-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01279-3","volume":"51","author":"Pitman RK","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b27-pg222\/b27-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145701002607","volume":"4","author":"Reist C","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"b28-pg222\/b28-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00412-8","volume":"54","author":"Vaiva G","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b29-pg222\/b29-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00227.x","volume":"18","author":"Hoge EA","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"b30-pg222\/b30-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318222f360","volume":"31","author":"Brunet A","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"b31-pg222\/b31-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510070202","volume":"7","author":"Dey M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"b32-pg222\/b32-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00024","volume":"5","author":"Schiller D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"b33-pg222\/b33-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00074","volume":"5","author":"Brunet A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience"},{"key":"b34-pg222\/b34-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1427-x","volume":"203","author":"Tollenaar MS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b35-pg222\/b35-pg222_1","volume-title":"International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual","author":"Lang PJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"b37-pg222\/b37-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1163-6","volume":"163","author":"van Stegeren AH","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b38-pg222\/b38-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.011","volume":"24","author":"van Stegeren AH","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b39-pg222\/b39-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","volume":"17","author":"Jadad AR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"b40-pg222\/b40-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050675","volume":"138","author":"van Stegeren AH","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b41-pg222\/b41-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.2.420","volume":"118","author":"Maheu FS","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"b42-pg222\/b42-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11454","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404282101","volume":"101","author":"Strange BA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"b43-pg222\/b43-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1819-5","volume":"175","author":"Grillon C","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b44-pg222\/b44-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.025","volume":"49","author":"Weymar M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b45-pg222\/b45-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.967","volume":"164","author":"de Quervain DJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"b46-pg222\/b46-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2271","volume":"12","author":"Kindt M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"b47-pg222\/b47-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.08.002","volume":"91","author":"Tollenaar MS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"b48-pg222\/b48-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.03.004","volume":"94","author":"Soeter M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"b49-pg222\/b49-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5469-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"Kroes MC","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"b50-pg222\/b50-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein M","year":"2009"},{"key":"b51-pg222\/b51-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"Cohen J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"b52-pg222\/b52-pg222_1","volume-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey MW","year":"2001"},{"key":"b53-pg222\/b53-pg222_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive meta-analysis. Version 2","author":"Borenstein M","year":"2005"},{"key":"b54-pg222\/b54-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7427(02)00019-9","volume":"79","author":"Cahill L","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"b55-pg222\/b55-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.15470","volume":"3","author":"Poundja J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"b56-pg222\/b56-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.06.013","volume":"96","author":"Nielsen SE","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"b57-pg222\/b57-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108097718","volume":"24","author":"Chiamulera C","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"b58-pg222\/b58-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00193-9","volume":"63","author":"Kampman KM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"b59-pg222\/b59-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20517","volume":"23","author":"Nugent NR","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"b60-pg222\/b60-pg222_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20270","volume":"20","author":"Stein MB","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1503\/jpn.120111","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1503\/jpn.120111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T16:38:10Z","timestamp":1756831090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1503\/jpn.120111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1503\/jpn.120111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.120111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1180-4882","1488-2434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1180-4882","type":"print"},{"value":"1488-2434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}