{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:21:17Z","timestamp":1790220077671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychiatry Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Cue-induced craving plays an important role in relapse, and the neural correlates of cue-induced craving have been elucidated using fMRI. This study examined the utility of real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback to strengthen self-regulation of craving-related neural activation and cue-reactivity in cigarette smokers. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Nicotine-dependent smokers were randomized to rtfMRI neurofeedback or to a no-feedback control group. Participants completed 3 neuroimaging visits. Within each visit, an initial run during which smoking-related cues were used to provoke craving, an individualized craving-related region of interest (ROI) in the prefrontal cortex or anterior cingulate cortex was identified. In the rtfMRI group, activity from the ROI was fed back via a visual display during 3 subsequent runs while participants were instructed to reduce craving during cue exposure. The control group had an identical experience with no feedback provided. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Forty-four nicotine-dependent smokers were recruited to participate in our study; data from the 33 participants who completed a 1-week follow-up visit were included in the analysis. Subjective craving ratings and cue-induced brain activation were lower in the rtfMRI group than in the control group. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title><jats:p> As participants were not seeking treatment, clinical outcomes are lacking. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Nicotine-dependent smokers receiving rtfMRI feedback from an individualized ROI attenuated smoking cue\u2013elicited neural activation and craving, relative to a control group. Further studies are needed in treatment-seeking smokers to determine if this intervention can translate into a clinically meaningful treatment modality. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]],"date-time":"2015-12-16T09:42:16Z","timestamp":1450258936000},"page":"48-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Individualized real-time fMRI neurofeedback to attenuate craving in nicotine-dependent smokers"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"},{"name":"the Ralph H. 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