{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:21:29Z","timestamp":1790418089289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychiatry Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Negative symptoms of schizophrenia can be grouped in 2 dimensions: apathy and diminished expression. Increasing evidence suggests that negative symptoms are associated with altered neural activity of subcortical and cortical regions in the brain reward system. However, the neurobiological basis of the distinct symptom dimensions within negative symptoms is still poorly understood. The primary aim of our study was to examine the neural correlates of the negative symptom dimensions apathy and diminished expression during a reward processing task. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls underwent event-related fMRI while performing a variant of the Monetary Incentive Delay Task. We assessed negative symptom dimensions using the Brief Negative Symptom Scale. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We included 27 patients and 25 controls in our study. Both groups showed neural activation indicated by blood oxygen\u2013level dependent signal in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation. Ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation showed a strong negative correlation with apathy. Importantly, this effect was not driven by cognitive ability, medication, depressive or positive symptoms. In contrast, no significant correlation with the diminished expression dimension was observed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Although the results remain significant when controlling for chlorpromazine equivalents, we cannot fully exclude potential confounding effects of medication with atypical antipsychotics. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The specific correlation of ventral striatal hypoactivation during reward anticipation with apathy demonstrates a differentiation of apathy and diminished expression on a neurobiological level and provides strong evidence for different pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these 2 negative symptom dimensions. Our findings contribute to a multilevel framework in which apathy and motivational impairment in patients with schizophrenia can be described on psychopathological, behavioural and neural levels. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T13:01:26Z","timestamp":1461762086000},"page":"152-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Ventral striatal hypoactivation is associated with apathy but not diminished expression in patients with schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kirschner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver M.","family":"Hager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"},{"name":"the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bischof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias N.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"},{"name":"the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agne","family":"Kluge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Seifritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe N.","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"b1-jpn-41-152\/b1-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj053","volume":"32","author":"Kirkpatrick B","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b2-jpn-41-152\/b2-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj013","volume":"32","author":"Blanchard JJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b3-jpn-41-152\/b3-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.495","volume":"162","author":"Milev P","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"b4-jpn-41-152\/b4-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn167","volume":"36","author":"Strauss GP","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b5-jpn-41-152\/b5-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.01.015","volume":"47","author":"Strauss GP","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"b6-jpn-41-152\/b6-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn094","volume":"36","author":"Foussias G","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b7-jpn-41-152\/b7-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.09.002","volume":"31","author":"Messinger JW","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"b8-jpn-41-152\/b8-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.01.024","volume":"47","author":"Liemburg E","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"b9-jpn-41-152\/b9-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90040-V","volume":"38","author":"Marin RS","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"b10-jpn-41-152\/b10-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01626-X","volume":"23","author":"Brown RG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"b11-jpn-41-152\/b11-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.022","volume":"74","author":"Gold JM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b12-jpn-41-152\/b12-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu102","volume":"41","author":"Hartmann MN","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b13-jpn-41-152\/b13-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq068","volume":"36","author":"Barch DM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b14-jpn-41-152\/b14-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt197","volume":"40","author":"Strauss GP","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b15-jpn-41-152\/b15-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0593","volume":"12","author":"Knutson B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b16-jpn-41-152\/b16-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0686-7","volume":"191","author":"Knutson B","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b17-jpn-41-152\/b17-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00233-9","volume":"26","author":"Berridge KC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"b18-jpn-41-152\/b18-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0405-4","volume":"187","author":"Juckel G","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b19-jpn-41-152\/b19-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.02.007","volume":"71","author":"Nielsen M\u00d8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b20-jpn-41-152\/b20-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.1","volume":"17","author":"Morris RW","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b21-jpn-41-152\/b21-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu153","volume":"41","author":"De Leeuw M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b22-jpn-41-152\/b22-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.9","volume":"71","author":"Grimm O","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"b23-jpn-41-152\/b23-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.051","volume":"29","author":"Juckel G","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b24-jpn-41-152\/b24-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1016-4","volume":"196","author":"Schlagenhauf F","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"b25-jpn-41-152\/b25-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.214","volume":"34","author":"Waltz JA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"b26-jpn-41-152\/b26-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-008-9022-7","volume":"2","author":"Wolf DH","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"b27-jpn-41-152\/b27-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.10.020","volume":"67","author":"Dowd EC","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"b28-jpn-41-152\/b28-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.11.007","volume":"118","author":"Simon JJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"b29-jpn-41-152\/b29-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.126","volume":"35","author":"Waltz JA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"b30-jpn-41-152\/b30-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu026","volume":"40","author":"Wolf DH","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b31-jpn-41-152\/b31-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100119X","volume":"42","author":"Ehrlich S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"b32-jpn-41-152\/b32-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002943","volume":"45","author":"Mucci A","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"b33-jpn-41-152\/b33-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.10","volume":"67","author":"Kegeles LS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"b34-jpn-41-152\/b34-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.08.014","volume":"25","author":"Salamone JD","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"b35-jpn-41-152\/b35-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq059","volume":"37","author":"Kirkpatrick B","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"b36-jpn-41-152\/b36-jpn-41-152_1","volume-title":"Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview German Version 5.0.0","author":"Lecrubier Y","year":"1999"},{"key":"b37-jpn-41-152\/b37-jpn-41-152_1","first-page":"59","volume":"7","author":"Kay SR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"key":"b38-jpn-41-152\/b38-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02066.x","volume":"212","author":"Simpson GM","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"b39-jpn-41-152\/b39-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005","volume":"39","author":"Andreasen NC","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"b40-jpn-41-152\/b40-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(90)90005-R","volume":"3","author":"Addington D","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"b41-jpn-41-152\/b41-jpn-41-152_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"Frances A","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"b42-jpn-41-152\/b42-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.04.037","volume":"104","author":"Juckel G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"b43-jpn-41-152\/b43-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300704","volume":"30","author":"Cools R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"b44-jpn-41-152\/b44-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.044","volume":"59","author":"Van Dijk KRA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b45-jpn-41-152\/b45-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.063","volume":"60","author":"Satterthwaite TD","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b46-jpn-41-152\/b46-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0155","volume":"363","author":"Knutson B","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"b47-jpn-41-152\/b47-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.215","volume":"40","author":"Yip SW","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"b48-jpn-41-152\/b48-jpn-41-152_1","volume-title":"Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping","author":"Alem\u00e1n-G\u00f3mez Y"},{"key":"b49-jpn-41-152\/b49-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00169-1","volume":"19","author":"Maldjian JA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"b50-jpn-41-152\/b50-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245","volume":"87","author":"Steiger JH","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"b51-jpn-41-152\/b51-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.08.003","volume":"47","author":"Fervaha G","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"b52-jpn-41-152\/b52-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1461","volume":"157","author":"Peralta V","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"b53-jpn-41-152\/b53-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13049su1c.01","volume":"75","author":"Kirkpatrick B","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"b54-jpn-41-152\/b54-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722","volume":"30","author":"Schultz W","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"b55-jpn-41-152\/b55-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2012.97-125","volume":"97","author":"Salamone JD","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"b56-jpn-41-152\/b56-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9395","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09395.2003","volume":"23","author":"Peci\u00f1a S","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"b57-jpn-41-152\/b57-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08122.2000","volume":"20","author":"Wyvell CL","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"b58-jpn-41-152\/b58-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007","volume":"24","author":"Kring AM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"b59-jpn-41-152\/b59-jpn-41-152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq108","volume":"36","author":"Cuthbert BN","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1503\/jpn.140383","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1503\/jpn.140383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T16:39:57Z","timestamp":1756831197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1503\/jpn.140383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1503\/jpn.140383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.140383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1180-4882","1488-2434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1180-4882","type":"print"},{"value":"1488-2434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}}}