{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:15:14Z","timestamp":1783606514734,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychiatry Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Childhood trauma is reliably associated with smaller hippocampal volume in adults; however, this finding has not been shown in children, and even less is known about how sex and trauma interact to affect limbic structural development in children. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Typically developing children aged 9 to 15 years who completed a trauma history questionnaire and structural T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-weighted MRI were included in this study ( n = 172; 85 female, 87 male). All children who reported 4 or more traumas ( n = 36) composed the high trauma group, and all children who reported 3 or fewer traumas ( n = 136) composed the low trauma group. Using multivariate analysis of covariance, we compared FreeSurfer-derived structural MRI volumes (normalized by total intracranial volume) of the amygdalar, hippocampal and parahippocampal regions by sex and trauma level, controlling for age and study site. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> We found a significant sex \u00d7 trauma interaction, such that girls with high trauma had greater volumes than boys with high trauma. Follow-up analyses indicated significantly increased volumes for girls and generally decreased volumes for boys, specifically in the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions for the high trauma group; we observed no sex differences in the low trauma group. We noted no interaction effect for the amygdalae. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p> We assessed a community sample and did not include a clinical sample. We did not collect data about the ages at which children experienced trauma. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Results revealed that psychological trauma affects brain development differently in girls and boys. These findings need to be followed longitudinally to elucidate how structural differences progress and contribute to well-known sex disparities in psychopathology. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.190013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T12:20:06Z","timestamp":1593174006000},"page":"288-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes vary by sex and traumatic life events in children"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Amy S.","family":"Badura-Brack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie S.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, 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