{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:08:47Z","timestamp":1789610927783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychiatry Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence indicates that cytokines are associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia; however, the underlying brain\u2013behaviour mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that aberrations in brain structural connectivity mediate the cytokine effect in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we recruited patients with first-episode schizophrenia ( n = 75, average illness duration 12.3 months, average medication period 0.6 days) and healthy controls ( n = 44) of both sexes. We first conducted whole-blood RNA sequencing to detect differentially expressed genes. We also explored transcriptomic data on the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC) retrieved from the CommonMind Consortium for gene functional clustering; we measured plasma transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; we acquired high-resolution T\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -weighted MRI data on cortical thickness MRI; and we assessed cognitive function using the validated Chinese version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. We compared these parameters in patients with schizophrenia and controls, and analyzed their associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with schizophrenia had higher TGF-\u03b21 at both the mRNA level (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      fold change = 0.24; adjusted p = 0.026) and the protein level (12.85 \u00b1 6.01 \u03bcg\/mL v. 8.46 \u00b1 5.15 \u03bcg\/mL, adjusted p &lt; 0.001) compared to controls. Genes coexpressed with TGFB1 in the dlPFC were less abundant in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. In patients with schizophrenia, TGF-\u03b21 protein levels were inversely correlated with cortical thickness, especially of the lateral occipital cortex ( r = \u22120.47, adjusted p = 0.001), and with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery visual learning and memory domain ( r = \u22120.50, adjusted p &lt; 0.001). We found a complete mediation effect of the thickness of the lateral occipital cortex on the negative relationship between TGF-\u03b21 and visual cognition ( p &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not explore the effect of other blood cytokines on neurocognitive performance and cortical thickness. Participants from the CommonMind Consortium did not all have first-episode schizophrenia and they were not all antipsychotic-naive, so we could not exclude an effect of antipsychotics on TGF-\u03b21 signalling in the dlPFC. The sample size and cross-sectional design of our study were additional limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlighted an association between upregulated blood levels of TGF-\u03b21 and impairments in brain structure and function in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.210121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T08:55:44Z","timestamp":1647507344000},"page":"E86-E98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["TGF-\u03b21 is associated with deficits in cognition and cerebral cortical thickness in first-episode schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Shujuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangling","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fude","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiren","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baopeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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