{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:35:56Z","timestamp":1784421356537,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Japan Endocrine Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocr J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej20-0795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T22:06:33Z","timestamp":1617660393000},"page":"919-931","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bihormonal dysregulation of insulin and glucagon contributes to glucose intolerance development at one year post-delivery in women with gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study using an early postpartum 75-g glucose tolerance test"],"prefix":"10.1507","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Riyoko","family":"Shigeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-5796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ichiro","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Haraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Natsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyonori","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Abiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"386","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1 (2018) ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 131: e49\u2013e64.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2 American Diabetes Association (2020) 14. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of medical care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care 43: S183\u2013S192.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S014"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3 Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D (2009) Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 373: 1773\u20131779.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4 (2014) Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103: 341\u2013363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5 Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchanan TA, Catalano PA, et al. (2010) International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33: 676\u2013682.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6 Morikawa M, Yamada T, Akaishi R, Nishida R, Cho K, et al. (2010) Change in the number of patients after the adoption of IADPSG criteria for hyperglycemia during pregnancy in Japanese women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 90: 339\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.08.023"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7 Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH (2002) Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 25: 1862\u20131868.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8 Moon JH, Kwak SH, Jung HS, Choi SH, Lim S, et al. (2015) Weight gain and progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100: 3548\u20133555.","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-1113"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9 Gunderson EP, Hurston SR, Ning X, Lo JC, Crites Y, et al. (2015) Lactation and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 163: 889\u2013898.","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0807"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10 Kugishima Y, Yasuhi I, Yamashita H, Fukuda M, Kuzume A, et al. (2015) Risk factors associated with abnormal glucose tolerance in the early postpartum period among Japanese women with gestational diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 129: 42\u201345.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.09.030"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11 Kojima N, Tanimura K, Deguchi M, Morizane M, Hirota Y, et al. (2016) Risk factors for postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 32: 803\u2013806.","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1177009"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12 Nishikawa T, Ono K, Hashimoto S, Kinoshita H, Watanabe T, et al. (2018) One-hour oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose at gestational diabetes diagnosis is a common predictor of the need for insulin therapy in pregnancy and postpartum impaired glucose tolerance. J Diabetes Investig 9: 1370\u20131377.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12848"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13 Oh TJ, Kim YG, Kang S, Moon JH, Kwak SH, et al. (2019) Oral glucose tolerance testing allows better prediction of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J 43: 342\u2013349.","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0086"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Kugishima Y, Yasuhi I, Yamashita H, Sugimi S, Umezaki Y, et al. (2018) Risk factors associated with the development of postpartum diabetes in Japanese women with gestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18: 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1654-4"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15 Kawasaki M, Arata N, Sakamoto N, Osamura A, Sato S, et al. (2020) Risk factors during the early postpartum period for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes. Endocr J 67: 427\u2013437.","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0367"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16 Goyal A, Gupta Y, Kalaivani M, Sankar MJ, Kachhawa G, et al. (2018) Long term (&gt;1year) postpartum glucose tolerance status among Indian women with history of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) diagnosed by IADPSG criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 142: 154\u2013161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.05.027"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17 Metzger BE, Cho NH, Roston SM, Radvany R (1993) Prepregnancy weight and antepartum insulin secretion predict glucose tolerance five years after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 16: 1598\u20131605.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.12.1598"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18 Kondo M, Nagao Y, Mahbub MH, Tanabe T, Tanizawa Y (2018) Factors predicting early postpartum glucose intolerance in Japanese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: decision-curve analysis. Diabet Med 35: 1111\u20131117.","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13657"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19 Kwak SH, Choi SH, Jung HS, Cho YM, Lim S, et al. (2013) Clinical and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes at early or late post partum after gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E744\u2013E752.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3324"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20 Haedersdal S, Lund A, Knop FK, Vilsboll T (2018) The role of glucagon in the pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Mayo Clin Proc 93: 217\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.12.003"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21 Horie I, Abiru N, Eto M, Sako A, Akeshima J, et al. (2018) Sex differences in insulin and glucagon responses for glucose homeostasis in young healthy Japanese adults. J Diabetes Investig 9: 1283\u20131287.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12829"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22 Unger RH, Cherrington AD (2012) Glucagonocentric restructuring of diabetes: a pathophysiologic and therapeutic makeover. J Clin Invest 122: 4\u201312.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60016"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23 Horie I, Haraguchi A, Ito A, Nozaki A, Natsuda S, et al. (2020) Impaired early-phase suppression of glucagon secretion after glucose load is associated with insulin requirement during pregnancy in gestational diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 11: 232\u2013240.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13096"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24 Hanley AJ, D\u2019Agostino R Jr., Wagenknecht LE, Saad MF, Savage PJ, et al. (2002) Increased proinsulin levels and decreased acute insulin response independently predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 51: 1263\u20131270.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1263"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25 Katsuta H, Ozawa S, Suzuki K, Takahashi K, Tanaka T, et al. (2015) The association between impaired proinsulin processing and type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-obese Japanese individuals. Endocr J 62: 485\u2013492.","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ14-0611"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26 Yang Y, Wang M, Tong J, Dong Z, Deng M, et al. (2019) Impaired glucose-stimulated proinsulin secretion is an early marker of beta-cell impairment before prediabetes stage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104: 4341\u20134346.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00549"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27 Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Buring JE, et al. (2003) Insulin, proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Med 114: 438\u2013444.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00061-5"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28 Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Hartmann B, Veedfald S, Windelov JA, Plamboeck A, et al. (2014) Hyperglucagonaemia analysed by glucagon sandwich ELISA: nonspecific interference or truly elevated levels? Diabetologia 57: 1919\u20131926.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3283-z"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29 Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR (2004) Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care 27: 1487\u20131495.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30 Tura A, Kautzky-Willer A, Pacini G (2006) Insulinogenic indices from insulin and C-peptide: comparison of beta-cell function from OGTT and IVGTT. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 72: 298\u2013301.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.10.005"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462","volume":"22","author":"M Matsuda","year":"1999","unstructured":"31 Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA (1999) Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care 22: 1462\u20131470.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0149-5992","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32 Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, et al. (1993) Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 42: 1663\u20131672.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.42.11.1663"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33 Retnakaran R, Qi Y, Goran MI, Hamilton JK (2009) Evaluation of proposed oral disposition index measures in relation to the actual disposition index. Diabet Med 26: 1198\u20131203.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02841.x"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34 Scholin A, Nystrom L, Arnqvist H, Bolinder J, Bjork E, et al. (2011) Proinsulin\/C-peptide ratio, glucagon and remission in new-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus in young adults. Diabet Med 28: 156\u2013161.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03191.x"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35 Lee M, Kim M, Park JS, Lee S, You J, et al. (2019) Higher glucagon-to-insulin ratio is associated with elevated glycated hemoglobin levels in type 2 diabetes patients. Korean J Intern Med 34: 1068\u20131077.","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.233"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36 Kjos SL, Peters RK, Xiang A, Henry OA, Montoro M, et al. (1995) Predicting future diabetes in Latino women with gestational diabetes. Utility of early postpartum glucose tolerance testing. Diabetes 44: 586\u2013591.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.44.5.586"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37 Yoon KH, Lee JH, Kim JW, Cho JH, Choi YH, et al. (2006) Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. Lancet 368: 1681\u20131688.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69703-1"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38 Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ (2010) Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 87: 4\u201314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.007"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39 Hedderson M, Ehrlich S, Sridhar S, Darbinian J, Moore S, et al. (2012) Racial\/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus by BMI. Diabetes Care 35: 1492\u20131498.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2267"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40 Morimoto A, Tatsumi Y, Deura K, Mizuno S, Ohno Y, et al. (2013) Impact of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Japanese population: the Saku study. Diabetologia 56: 1671\u20131679.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2932-y"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41 Kasuga Y, Miyakoshi K, Tajima A, Saisho Y, Ikenoue S, et al. (2019) Clinical and genetic characteristics of abnormal glucose tolerance in Japanese women in the first year after gestational diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 10: 817\u2013826.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12935"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42 Mykkanen L, Haffner SM, Hales CN, Ronnemaa T, Laakso M (1997) The relation of proinsulin, insulin, and proinsulin-to-insulin ratio to insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response in normoglycemic subjects. Diabetes 46: 1990\u20131995.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.46.12.1990"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43 Hanson U, Persson B, Hartling SG, Binder C (1996) Increased molar proinsulin-to-insulin ratio in women with previous gestational diabetes does not predict later impairment of glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 19: 17\u201320.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.1.17"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44 Roder ME, Dinesen B, Hartling SG, Houssa P, Vestergaard H, et al. (1999) Intact proinsulin and beta-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22: 609\u2013614.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.4.609"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45 Knop FK, Vilsboll T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Krarup T (2007) Inappropriate suppression of glucagon during OGTT but not during isoglycaemic i.v. glucose infusion contributes to the reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 50: 797\u2013805.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0566-z"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46 Yasuhi I, Yamashita H, Maeda K, Nomiyama M, Mizunoe T, et al. (2019) High-intensity breastfeeding improves insulin sensitivity during early post-partum period in obese women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 35: e3127.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3127"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47 Sugiyama T, Saito M, Nishigori H, Nagase S, Yaegashi N, et al. (2014) Comparison of pregnancy outcomes between women with gestational diabetes and overt diabetes first diagnosed in pregnancy: a retrospective multi-institutional study in Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103: 20\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.020"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/endocrj\/68\/8\/68_EJ20-0795\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T03:42:26Z","timestamp":1630122146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/endocrj\/68\/8\/68_EJ20-0795\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.ej20-0795","relation":{},"ISSN":["0918-8959","1348-4540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0918-8959","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-4540","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"article-number":"EJ20-0795"}}