{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:41:39Z","timestamp":1787056899995,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite advances in treatment and therapy. The \u201cPneumonia: Treatment and Diagnosis\u201d session of the Pittsburgh International Lung Conference examined topics related to improving care of patients with pneumonia. These topics included the process and quality of care for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), diagnosis and treatment of emerging fungal pathogens, an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of different diagnostic modalities, and an example of how basic science is exploring immunomodulatory strategies for pneumonia treatment. Systematic health care provider and institutional improvements can decrease mortality rates in CAP, particularly in patients with increasingly complex comorbidities. Aspects of current guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of fungal pneumonia were reviewed through a series of case presentations. Proper treatment of pneumonia hinges on correct pathogen identification but is complicated by the variety of diagnostic assays with variable specificity, sensitivity, and interpretation. In addressing this topic, Dr. Patrick Murray, Ph.D., discussed a range of diagnostic tests for a variety of pathogens and guidelines for their use. In addition to the current state of CAP treatment, Bill (Beibei) Chen, M.D., Ph.D., presented a new potential therapeutic agent called forsythin, an immunomodulatory compound derived from a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. These topics, ranging from institution-sized policy to interactions at the molecular scale, paint a broad perspective of the efforts against pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201401-027pl","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,22]],"date-time":"2014-08-22T16:00:18Z","timestamp":1408723218000},"page":"S189-S192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pneumonia. Treatment and Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Mattila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and"},{"name":"VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Limper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Hunt Valley, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill B.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philana Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib1","first-page":"621","article-title":"Achievements in public health, 1900\u20131999: control of infectious diseases","volume":"48","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410120089033","article-title":"The quality of care: how can it be assessed?","volume":"260","author":"Donabedian","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib3","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200906-049AL","article-title":"The changing spectrum of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice: clinical approach to diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Limper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2008-740ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients","volume":"183","author":"Limper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295721","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"32","author":"McKinsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295723","article-title":"Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70316-9","article-title":"Mucormycosis: its contemporary face and management strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295717","article-title":"Pulmonary mucormycosis","volume":"32","author":"Hamilos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00001011","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical review","volume":"20","author":"Kousha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201301-0021PP","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor therapy for lung diseases","volume":"188","author":"Begh\u00e8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012303452446200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.02.016","article-title":"Selective PDE inhibitors as novel treatments for respiratory diseases","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Annals of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/11\/Supplement_4\/S189\/66497005\/annalsats_11_supplement_4_s189.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/11\/Supplement_4\/S189\/66497005\/annalsats_11_supplement_4_s189.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:45:28Z","timestamp":1769157928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article\/11\/Supplement_4\/S189\/8431752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.201401-027pl","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-6933","2325-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-6621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}}}