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Microorganisms may contribute to chronic lung diseases, either directly (i.e., overt infection) or indirectly, via the amplification of inflammatory pathways that are critical to host defense. As techniques for detecting and characterizing microorganisms have advanced, investigations of both infecting and colonizing organisms have yielded new insights into mechanisms of pulmonary disease. In addition, changes in patterns of infection and microbial resistance have important implications for treatment. Examples of these infectious\u2013pulmonary associations, including Haemophilus influenzae infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nontuberculous mycobacteria and bronchiectasis, and human immunodeficiency virus and obstructive lung disease, are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201401-041pl","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,22]],"date-time":"2014-08-22T16:00:18Z","timestamp":1408723218000},"page":"S221-S226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Infections in \u201cNoninfectious\u201d Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State 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