{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T12:12:30Z","timestamp":1778847150839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants of mothers who smoked (S) or substance misused (SM) during pregnancy have an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test the hypothesis that infants of S and SM mothers compared with infants of non\u2013substance-misusing, nonsmoking mothers (control subjects) would have a reduced ventilatory response to hypercarbia and that any reduction would be greater in the SM infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants were assessed before maternity\/neonatal unit discharge. Maternal and infant urine samples were obtained and tested for cotinine, cannabinoids, opiates, amphetamines, methadone, cocaine, and benzodiazepines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory flow and Vt were measured using a pneumotachograph inserted into a face mask placed over the infant\u2019s mouth and nose. The ventilatory responses to three levels of inspired carbon dioxide (0 [baseline], 2, and 4% CO2) were assessed. Twenty-three SM, 34 S, and 22 control infants were assessed. The birth weight of the control subjects was higher than the SM and S infants (P = 0.017). At baseline, SM infants had a higher respiratory rate (P = 0.003) and minute volume (P = 0.007) compared with control subjects and S infants. Both the SM and S infants had a lower ventilatory response to 2% (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and 4% (P &amp;lt; 0.001) CO2 than the control subjects. The ventilatory response to CO2 was lower in the SM infants compared with the S infants (P = 0.009).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results are consistent with infants of smoking mothers and substance misuse\/smoking mothers having a dampened ventilatory response to hypercarbia, which is particularly marked in the latter group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201403-124oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T13:53:53Z","timestamp":1404222833000},"page":"933-938","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ventilatory Response to Hypercarbia in Newborns of Smoking and Substance-Misusing Mothers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kamal","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung 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