{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T14:34:31Z","timestamp":1782225271134,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunohistochemical stains have become invaluable for the diagnosis of pulmonary malignancies (both primary and metastatic), particularly given the small size of transbronchial and endobronchial biopsies and the increasing need to conserve tissue for molecular studies. There are many panels of immunostains currently available to help differentiate between common types of pulmonary malignancies. It is the purpose of this review to summarize some of the most commonly used immunostains for the distinction of primary pulmonary malignancies from one another in areas with histological overlap and for distinguishing primary pulmonary malignancies from other cancers with which they may be confused. These include differentiating between poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, small cell\/large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and basaloid carcinoma, and primary and metastatic adenocarcinoma involving the lung. In addition, we address the distinction between mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Pitfalls in the use of these markers are also addressed. Although not aiming to be comprehensive, this review aims to guide and influence common practice by furthering the clinician\u2019s knowledge on using immunohistochemical stains for characterization of pulmonary neoplasms. This summary of frequently used immunohistochemical stains can provide usefulness by allowing accurate characterization of pulmonary tumors, thereby allowing for conservation of tissue for additional molecular testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201501-004fr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,20]],"date-time":"2015-02-20T15:03:11Z","timestamp":1424444591000},"page":"429-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immunostaining in Lung Cancer for the Clinician. Commonly Used Markers for Differentiating Primary and Metastatic Pulmonary Tumors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Carney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Kraynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor L.","family":"Roggli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0263-RA","article-title":"Diagnosis of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology: implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer\/American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society classification","volume":"137","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0264-RA","article-title":"Diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in resected specimens: implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer\/American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society classification","volume":"137","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318206a221","article-title":"International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer\/American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Travis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2014-0092-RA","article-title":"Utility of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of pleuropulmonary and mediastinal cancers: a review and update","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0610-CP","article-title":"Principles of analytic validation of immunohistochemical assays: guideline from the college of American Pathologists Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center","volume":"138","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2011.173","article-title":"p40 (\u0394Np63) is superior to p63 for the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Bishop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200206000-00010","article-title":"TTF-1 expression in pulmonary adenocarcinomas","volume":"26","author":"Yatabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90096-5","article-title":"Utility of surfactant protein B precursor and thyroid transcription factor 1 in differentiating adenocarcinoma of the lung from malignant mesothelioma","volume":"30","author":"Khoor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000028572.44247.CF","article-title":"Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in normal and neoplastic lung tissues","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2003.10.008","article-title":"The utility and limitation of thyroid transcription factor-1 protein in primary and metastatic pulmonary neoplasms","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"2026012303414103700_bib11","first-page":"696","article-title":"p63 and TTF-1 immunostaining. 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