{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:46Z","timestamp":1791928966946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryodebridement (CD) refers to the removal of obstructive material from the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree by freezing with a cryoprobe, which is usually inserted through a flexible bronchoscope. This method of achieving instant recanalization of airways has been established for over 20 years, but published experience comprises limited case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study describes a single large-volume referral center experience, including clinical outcomes and safety profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic medical records of 156 patients who underwent bronchoscopic CD between December 2007 and March 2012 as the primary method to relieve airway obstruction were reviewed retrospectively.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Measurements and Main Results: The most frequent cause of airway obstruction was malignancy (n\u2009=\u200988), with non\u2013small-cell lung cancer and metastatic renal cell carcinoma being the most common etiologies. The site of obstruction was localized to the central airways in 63 patients (40%) and the distal airways in 44 patients (28%), and it was diffuse in 49 patients (32%). Bronchoscopic airway patency was achieved in 95% of patients, with the highest success rates found in those with obstruction localized in the central airways. Improvement in symptoms occurred in 118 (82%) of 144 symptomatic patients. Serious complications were reported in 17 patients (11%) and included respiratory distress, severe bleeding, airway injury, and hemodynamic instability. All patients responded to treatment, and no intra- or postoperative deaths were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CD, when used alone or in combination with other endoscopic treatment modalities, appears to be safe and effective in treating endoluminal airway obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201508-486oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T12:13:08Z","timestamp":1458562388000},"page":"856-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Unimodality and Multimodality Cryodebridement for Airway Obstruction. A Single-Center Experience with Safety and Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hanine","family":"Inaty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Folch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Fernandez-Bussy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Cirug\u00eda Tor\u00e1xica y Neumolog\u00eda Intervencional, Clinica Alemana, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Chatterji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Alape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4292-9_33","article-title":"Cryotherapy and cryodebridement","volume-title":"Principles and practice of interventional pulmonology","author":"Sunna","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.08.066","article-title":"Neoplastic severe central airways obstruction, interventional bronchoscopy: a decision-making analysis","volume":"145","author":"Hespanhol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460400300207","article-title":"Cryosurgery for lung cancer: clinical results and technical aspects","volume":"3","author":"Maiwand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.06.023","article-title":"Endobronchial tumor debulking with a flexible cryoprobe for immediate treatment of malignant stenosis","volume":"139","author":"Schumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.12.032","article-title":"Cryorecanalization: a new approach for the immediate management of acute airway obstruction","volume":"127","author":"Hetzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000203","article-title":"Safety and clinical utility of flexible bronchoscopic cryoextraction in patients with non-neoplasm tracheobronchial obstruction: a retrospective chart review","volume":"22","author":"Sriratanaviriyakul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12248","article-title":"Bronchoscopic debulking for endobronchial malignancy: predictors of recanalization and recurrence","volume":"6","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1556-0864(15)31588-4","article-title":"Rigid bronchoscopic intervention in patients with respiratory failure caused by malignant central airway obstruction","volume":"1","author":"Jeon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib9","first-page":"S363","article-title":"From electrocautery, balloon dilatation, neodymium-doped:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser to argon plasma coagulation and cryotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(77)90175-4","article-title":"The role of intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates","volume":"14","author":"Mazur","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00014006","article-title":"Place of cryotherapy, brachytherapy and photodynamic therapy in therapeutic bronchoscopy of lung cancers","volume":"28","author":"Vergnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026020502554957700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.472","article-title":"Cryosurgery in bronchoscopic treatment of tracheobronchial stenosis. 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