{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:03:11Z","timestamp":1772503391956,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ready access to physiologic measures, including respiratory mechanics, lung volumes, and ventilation\/perfusion inhomogeneity, could optimize the clinical management of the critically ill pediatric or neonatal patient and minimize lung injury. There are many techniques for measuring respiratory function in infants and children but very limited information on the technical ease and applicability of these tests in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit (PICU, NICU) environments. This report summarizes the proceedings of a 2011 American Thoracic Society Workshop critically reviewing techniques available for ventilated and spontaneously breathing infants and children in the ICU. It outlines for each test how readily it is performed at the bedside and how it may impact patient management as well as indicating future areas of potential research collaboration. From expert panel discussions and literature reviews, we conclude that many of the techniques can aid in optimizing respiratory support in the PICU and NICU, quantifying the effect of therapeutic interventions, and guiding ventilator weaning and extubation. Most techniques now have commercially available equipment for the PICU and NICU, and many can generate continuous data points to help with ventilator weaning and other interventions. Technical and validation studies in the PICU and NICU are published for the majority of techniques; some have been used as outcome measures in clinical trials, but few have been assessed specifically for their ability to improve clinical outcomes. Although they show considerable promise, these techniques still require further study in the PICU and NICU together with increased availability of commercial equipment before wider incorporation into daily clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201511-730st","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T17:10:24Z","timestamp":1657645824000},"page":"S1-S11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["An Official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Workshop Report: Evaluation of Respiratory Mechanics and Function in the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stacey","family":"Peterson-Carmichael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Seddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ira M.","family":"Cheifetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9z","family":"Frerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham L.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Hantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton H.","family":"van Kaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy T.","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J. L.","family":"Newth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Jane","family":"Pillow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerrard F.","family":"Rafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Stocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarath C.","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199302000-00022","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of critical care units in the United States: patient characteristics and intensive care unit utilization","volume":"21","author":"Groeger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.2.474","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics in infants: physiologic evaluation in health and disease","volume":"147","author":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.6.7767556","article-title":"Respiratory function measurements in infants: symbols, abbreviations, and units","volume":"151","author":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.6.7767557","article-title":"Respiratory function measurements in infants: measurement conditions","volume":"151","author":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.5.ats700","article-title":"The raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique","volume":"161","author":"The Joint American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Working Group on Infant Lung Function","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16d28.x","article-title":"Specifications for equipment used for infant pulmonary function testing: ERS\/ATS Task Force on Standards for Infant Respiratory Function Testing","volume":"16","author":"Frey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026020402574774000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16d29.x","article-title":"Tidal forced expirations: ERS\/ATS task force on standards for infant respiratory function testing. 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