{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:41:03Z","timestamp":1789800063212,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial disparities in health and healthcare in the United States are well documented and are increasingly recognized in acute critical illnesses such as sepsis and acute respiratory failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a large, representative, U.S. nationwide database, we examined the hypothesis that black and Hispanic patients with severe acute respiratory failure have higher mortality rates when compared with non-Hispanic whites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective analysis used discharge data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, for the years 2008\u20132012. We identified hospitalizations with acute respiratory failure using a combination of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes. A logistic regression model was fitted to compare in-hospital mortality rates by race.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjusting for sex, age, race, disease severity, type of hospital, and median household income for patient ZIP code, blacks had a greater odds ratio of in-hospital death when compared with non-Hispanic whites (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11\u20131.14; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and Hispanics also had a greater odds ratio of in-hospital death when compared with non-Hispanic whites (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.15\u20131.19; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and so did Asian and Pacific Islanders (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.12\u20131.18; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and Native Americans (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00\u20131.15; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) when compared with non-Hispanic whites (OR, 1.0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blacks, Hispanics, and other racial minorities in the United States were observed to exhibit significantly higher in-hospital sepsis-related respiratory failure associated mortality when compared with non-Hispanic whites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201605-359oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T16:54:05Z","timestamp":1474908845000},"page":"2184-2189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Racial Differences in Mortality from Severe Acute Respiratory Failure in the United States, 2008\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Bime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and"},{"name":"University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chithra","family":"Poongkunran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; and"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Borgstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Information Technology Services, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3871-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhupinder","family":"Natt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and"},{"name":"University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hem","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; and"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sairam","family":"Parthasarathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and"},{"name":"University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe G. N.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and"},{"name":"University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC health disparities and inequalities report: United States, 2013: foreword","volume":"62","author":"Frieden","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020502563522400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200502-013AC","article-title":"Genetic determinants and ethnic disparities in sepsis-associated acute lung injury","volume":"2","author":"Barnes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib3","volume-title":"HCUP Statistical Brief 122","author":"Elixhauser","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib4","first-page":"76","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of acute respiratory failure in the United States, 2001 to 2009: a national survey","volume-title":"J Hosp Med","author":"Stefan","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201512-841OC","article-title":"Mortality trends of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the united states from 1999 to 2013","volume":"13","author":"Cochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00001","article-title":"Race and gender differences in acute respiratory distress syndrome deaths in the United States: an analysis of multiple-cause mortality data (1979-1996)","volume":"30","author":"Moss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31824518f2","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of noncardiogenic acute respiratory failure: the role of race","volume":"40","author":"Cooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819292ea","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in mortality from acute lung injury","volume":"37","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1118","article-title":"Sex, race, and the development of acute lung injury","volume":"143","author":"Lemos-Filho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2010.02.003","article-title":"The influence of race on the development of acute lung injury in trauma patients","volume":"201","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0992-8","article-title":"Black-white racial disparities in sepsis: a prospective analysis of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences In Stroke (REGARDS) cohort","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-480OC","article-title":". Racial variation in the incidence, care, and outcomes of severe sepsis: analysis of population, patient, and hospital characteristics","volume":"177","author":"Barnato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0329OC","article-title":"Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis in severe sepsis","volume":"192","author":"Sakhuja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/cc121","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: estimated incidence and mortality rate in a 5 million-person population base","volume":"2","author":"Reynolds","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib15","author":"Barrett"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198802113180604","article-title":"Accuracy of diagnostic coding for Medicare patients under the prospective-payment system","volume":"318","author":"Hsia","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2004.13.1.59","article-title":"Comparison of 3 methods of detecting acute respiratory distress syndrome: clinical screening, chartreview, and diagnostic coding","volume":"13","author":"Howard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib18","first-page":"A680","article-title":"ICD-9 codes do not accurately identify patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [abstract]","volume":"157","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2134","article-title":"Mortality rates for patients with acute lung injury\/ARDS have decreased over time","volume":"133","author":"Zambon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03746-2_19","article-title":"Outcome of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes of death, survival rates and long-term implications","volume-title":"Annual update in intensive care and emergency medicine 2014","author":"Zambon","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283232825","article-title":"Racial and sex differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2108086","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion\/deletion polymorphism is associated with susceptibility and outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201307-1394ED","article-title":"Healthcare disparities in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: toward equity","volume":"188","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0404OC","article-title":"Novel polymorphisms in the myosin light chain kinase gene confer risk for acute lung injury","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1113","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00266.2006","article-title":"Genomic insights into acute inflammatory lung injury","volume":"291","author":"Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.9260","article-title":"Racial bias in health care and health: challenges and opportunities","volume":"314","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000227657.75270.C4","article-title":"How does lack of insurance affect use of intensive care?: a population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Danis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200902-0281ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society systematic review: the association between health insurance status and access, care delivery, and outcomes for patients who are critically ill","volume":"181","author":"Fowler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502563522400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199712000-00005","article-title":"The effects of ethnicity and language on medical outcomes of patients with hypertension or diabetes","volume":"35","author":"P\u00e9rez-Stable","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Care"}],"container-title":["Annals of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/13\/12\/2184\/66768656\/annalsats_13_12_2184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/13\/12\/2184\/66768656\/annalsats_13_12_2184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T07:56:46Z","timestamp":1770278206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article\/13\/12\/2184\/8449396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.201605-359oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-6933","2325-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-6621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}