{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:56:46Z","timestamp":1791061006622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial disease is not reportable to public health authorities in the United States, and the total burden of disease is uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the mortality of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in the United States over a 15-year period and to identify temporal trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The U.S. Multiple Cause of Death Files from 1999 through 2014 were searched for a listing of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code as either the underlying or a contributing cause of death. Characteristics of individuals with nontuberculous mycobacteria\u2013related deaths in the United States were summarized according to demographic characteristics. Age-adjusted mortality rates and rate ratios were calculated using bridged-race population estimates of U.S. census population data. Time trends were evaluated with negative binomial regression.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Measurements and Main Results: There was a significant increase in nontuberculous mycobacteria\u2013related deaths among individuals without a diagnosis of HIV infection (P\u2009=\u20090.004). Mortality rates increased with advancing age. Age-adjusted mortality rate ratios were lower for men (risk ratio [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80\u20130.87) compared with women, and were lower for Hispanic individuals (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.49\u20130.56) and black, non-Hispanic persons (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77\u20130.88) compared with white, non-Hispanic individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mortality rate of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease among HIV-uninfected individuals has increased in the United States between 1999 and 2014. These deaths occurred disproportionately in older white women. Considering the concurrent decline in tuberculosis-related deaths, these findings demonstrate a shift in the epidemiology of fatal mycobacterial infections in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201606-474bc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T17:08:48Z","timestamp":1473354528000},"page":"1951-1955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Deaths Related to Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in the United States, 1999\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Vinnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Longworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Mezochow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amee","family":"Patrawalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry N.","family":"Kreiswirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 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