{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T20:42:02Z","timestamp":1770324122999,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been a resurgence of progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) in the United States, particularly among central Appalachian miners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We characterized the proportion of PMF among former U.S. coal miners applying for Federal Black Lung Program benefits, 1970\u20132016.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the U.S. Department of Labor were used to characterize trends in proportion of PMF cases, defined as an approved black lung claim with a determination of PMF, among all miners who filed for federal benefits between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 2016. Joinpoint, logistic, and linear regression models were used to identify changes in the proportion of claimants with PMF over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 4,679 unique PMF cases among claimants for federal black lung benefits between 1970 and 2016, with 2,474 miners determined to have PMF since 1996. The number of PMF cases among Federal Black Lung Program claimants fell from 404 (0.5% of claimants) in 1978 to a low of 18 cases (0.6%) in 1988, and then increased to 353 cases (8.3%) in 2014. The proportion of federal black lung benefits claimants with PMF has been increasing since 1978 (0.06% annual percent change [APC]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05\u20130.07%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001), and began increasing at a significantly increased rate after 1996 (0.26% APC; 95% CI, 0.25\u20130.28%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). Most miners with PMF (84%) last mined in West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, or Virginia. Since 1970, the proportion of claimants with PMF has increased significantly among miners who last worked in Kentucky (16.6% APC; 95% CI, 16.5\u201316.7%), Pennsylvania (4.7% APC; 95% CI, 4.6\u20134.8%), Tennessee (16.1% APC; 95% CI, 15.7\u201316.4%), West Virginia (16.8% APC; 95% CI, 16.6\u201316.9%), and most sharply among miners last working in Virginia (31.5% APC; 95% CI, 31.2\u201331.7%), where in 2009, more than 17% of claimants received a PMF determination. The proportion of PMF determinations for the rest of the United States has not exceeded 4%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been a resurgence of PMF, particularly in central Appalachian miners. The resurgence of this preventable disease points to the need for improved primary and secondary prevention of dust-related lung disease in U.S. coal miners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201804-261oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,17]],"date-time":"2018-08-17T03:01:02Z","timestamp":1534474862000},"page":"1420-1426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Progressive Massive Fibrosis Resurgence Identified in U.S. Coal Miners Filing for Black Lung Benefits, 1970\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten S.","family":"Almberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"},{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, Surveillance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cara N.","family":"Halldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, Surveillance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Blackley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, Surveillance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Scott","family":"Laney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, Surveillance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Storey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, Surveillance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecile S.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard H. T.","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"},{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, Surveillance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31828dc985","article-title":"Lung-function impairment among US underground coal miners, 2005 to 2009: geographic patterns and association with coal workers\u2019 pneumoconiosis","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700280203","article-title":"Exposure\u2013response analysis of mortality among coal miners in the United States","volume":"28","author":"Kuempel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20560","article-title":"Mortality among U.S. underground coal miners: a 23-year follow-up","volume":"51","author":"Attfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.019679","article-title":"Rapidly progressive coal workers\u2019 pneumoconiosis in the United States: geographic clustering and other factors","volume":"62","author":"Antao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib5","first-page":"909","article-title":"Advanced cases of coal workers\u2019 pneumoconiosis: two counties, Virginia, 2006","volume":"55","author":"Antao","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2012.08.005","article-title":"The classic pneumoconioses: new epidemiological and laboratory observations","volume":"33","author":"Laney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1286LE","article-title":"Resurgence of a debilitating and entirely preventable respiratory disease among working coal miners","volume":"190","author":"Blackley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301051","article-title":"Examination of potential sources of bias in the US Coal Workers\u2019 Health Surveillance Program","volume":"104","author":"Laney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026020502212618000_bib9","article-title":"Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance System (eWoRLD). 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