{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:22:37Z","timestamp":1790745757574,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prompt diagnosis of invasive fungal infections is important because of the associated morbidity and mortality; however, diagnosis is challenging because of the nonspecific symptoms and radiographic findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) galactomannan (GM) and serum or BAL polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients with suspected invasive aspergillosis (IA), \u03b2-d-glucan in critically ill patients at risk for candidiasis or candidemia, and serology testing and antigen detection in patients with endemic mycoses (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were selected and appraised by pairs of reviewers. Bivariate random effects meta-analysis was used to generate pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic likelihood ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum GM in patients with impaired immunity suspected of having IA had sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64\u20130.78) and specificity of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84\u20130.92). A cutoff of 1 optical density index yielded optimal sensitivity and specificity. BAL GM in patients with impaired immunity suspected of having IA had sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73\u20130.91) and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.81\u20130.91). Serum or whole-blood PCR in immunocompromised patients with suspected IA had sensitivity of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73\u20130.86) and specificity of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68\u20130.86). BAL PCR in patients at high risk for IA had high sensitivity of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.77\u20130.96) and specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93\u20130.98) for diagnosing IA. \u03b2-d-glucan assay in patients in the intensive care unit at risk for invasive candidiasis or candidemia had sensitivity of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.74\u20130.86) and specificity of 0.60 (95% CI, 0.49\u20130.71). Data on diagnostic accuracy of antigen detection and serology testing for endemic mycoses were limited and heterogeneous (varied according to test, patient immunity, and suspected endemic disease).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diagnosis of invasive fungal infections remains a challenge. Various serum and BAL markers can aid in diagnosis. This evidence supports the development of clinical practice recommendations by the American Thoracic Society.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201811-766oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T10:34:26Z","timestamp":1561026866000},"page":"1179-1188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Supporting American Thoracic Society Practice Guideline"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qusay","family":"Haydour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Akron General Hospital, Akron, Ohio"},{"name":"Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chadi A.","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Epelbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke M.","family":"Gabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona"},{"name":"Banner University Medical Center Tucson, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay K.","family":"Kolls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Wengenack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Prokop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Libraries"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Limper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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