{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:39:41Z","timestamp":1792226381240,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The field of interventional pulmonology has grown rapidly since first being defined as a subspecialty of pulmonary and critical care medicine in 2001. The interventional pulmonologist has expertise in minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involving airways, lungs, and pleura. In this review, we describe recent advances in the field as well as up-and-coming developments, chiefly from the perspective of medical practice in the United States. Recent advances include standardization of formalized training, new tools for the diagnosis and potential treatment of peripheral lung nodules (including but not limited to robotic bronchoscopy), increasingly well-defined bronchoscopic approaches to management of obstructive lung diseases, and minimally invasive techniques for maximizing patient-centered outcomes for those with malignant pleural effusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201901-044cme","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T12:22:10Z","timestamp":1559218930000},"page":"786-796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Recent Advances in Interventional Pulmonology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7971-3350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lonny","family":"Yarmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Feller-Kopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4292-9","volume-title":"Principles and practice of interventional pulmonology.","author":"Ernst","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib2"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441007","article-title":"Interventional pulmonology","volume":"344","author":"Seijo","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1705","article-title":"Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: a randomized trial","volume":"304","author":"Annema","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"2026012203383097900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2377","article-title":"Executive summary: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0590OC","article-title":"A multicenter randomized controlled trial of Zephyr endobronchial valve treatment in heterogeneous emphysema (LIBERATE)","volume":"198","author":"Criner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1415ST","article-title":"Management of malignant pleural effusions: an official ATS\/STS\/STR clinical practice guideline","volume":"198","author":"Feller-Kopman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib8","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716883","article-title":"Outpatient talc administration by indwelling pleural catheter for malignant effusion","volume":"378","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1332OC","article-title":"Diagnostic yield and complications of bronchoscopy for peripheral lung lesions: results of the AQuIRE registry","volume":"193","author":"Ost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1963","article-title":"Validation of an interventional pulmonary examination","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib12","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Evaluation of appropriate mediastinal staging among endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopists","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.5.1693","article-title":"Interventional pulmonary procedures: guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians","volume":"123","author":"Ernst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00204602","article-title":"ERS\/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology","volume":"19","author":"Bolliger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.5.1614","article-title":"Variation in training for interventional pulmonary procedures among US pulmonary\/critical care fellowships: a survey of fellowship directors","volume":"127","author":"Pastis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-3028","article-title":"Procedural volume and structure of interventional pulmonary fellowships: a survey of fellows and fellowship program directors","volume":"144","author":"Yarmus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000520","article-title":"Learning Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy and Percutaneous Transthoracic Needle Biopsy (LEAP): a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-1968OC","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound skills and tasks assessment tool: assessing the validity evidence for a test of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration operator skill","volume":"186","author":"Davoudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.01.024","article-title":"Interventional pulmonology fellowship accreditation standards: executive summary of the multisociety Interventional Pulmonology Fellowship Accreditation Committee","volume":"151","author":"Mullon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000447","article-title":"Executive summary of training and competence standards for the interventional pulmonology master program in Italy","volume":"25","author":"Corbetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02253.x","article-title":"Advanced interventional pulmonology procedures: training guidelines from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand","volume":"17","author":"Fielding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.08.037","article-title":"A prospective controlled trial of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration compared with mediastinoscopy for mediastinal lymph node staging of lung cancer","volume":"142","author":"Yasufuku","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181753b5e","article-title":"Diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathy\u2014real-time endobronchial ultrasound guided needle aspiration versus mediastinoscopy","volume":"3","author":"Ernst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-1216","article-title":"Technical aspects of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: CHEST guideline and expert panel report","volume":"149","author":"Wahidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.07.26","article-title":"Bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration vs. transthoracic needle aspiration in lung cancer diagnosis and staging","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01274","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle biopsy in mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Chandra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.109868","article-title":"Test performance of endobronchial ultrasound and transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy for mediastinal staging in patients with lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"2026012203383097900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2355","article-title":"Methods for staging non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Silvestri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12335","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle biopsy for the diagnosis of intrathoracic lymph node metastases from extrathoracic malignancies: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13162","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of endobronchial ultrasound-guided mediastinal lymph node sampling in early stage non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Vial","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01933.x","article-title":"Combination of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration with standard bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of stage I and stage II pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"16","author":"Navani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201503-165OC","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for the diagnosis and subtyping of lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Grosu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0998","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"132","author":"Garwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.12.019","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration for lymphoma in patients with low suspicion for lung cancer and mediastinal lymphadenopathy","volume":"101","author":"Nason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0462OC","article-title":"Diagnosis and subtyping of de novo and relapsed mediastinal lymphomas by endobronchial ultrasound needle aspiration","volume":"188","author":"Moonim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03779","article-title":"Utility and safety of endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration in mediastinal lymph node sampling: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Dhooria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"2026012203383097900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2353","article-title":"Establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-3016","article-title":"Electromagnetic navigation diagnostic bronchoscopy in peripheral lung lesions","volume":"131","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.11.013","article-title":"Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: one-year results of the prospective, multicenter NAVIGATE study","volume":"14","author":"Folch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.029","article-title":"The evolutional history of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy: state of the art","volume":"154","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000326","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy using a curved-tip catheter to aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions","volume":"24","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1764","article-title":"Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule","volume":"142","author":"Wang Memoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000355710","article-title":"Diagnostic yield and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for lung nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Gex","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.02.002","article-title":"Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB): increasing diagnostic yield","volume":"106","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1866OC","article-title":"Multimodality bronchoscopic diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"176","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2708","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is highly dependent on the presence of a bronchus sign on CT imaging: results from a prospective study","volume":"138","author":"Seijo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib47","first-page":"186","article-title":"Electromagnetic navigation transthoracic needle aspiration for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules: a safety and feasibility pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Yarmus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.06.007","article-title":"Study design and rationale: a multicenter, prospective trial of electromagnetic bronchoscopic and electromagnetic transthoracic navigational approaches for the biopsy of peripheral pulmonary nodules (ALL IN ONE Trial)","volume":"71","author":"Thiboutot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000065","article-title":"Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy-guided fiducial markers for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy: analysis of safety, feasibility, and interfraction stability","volume":"21","author":"Nabavizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.04.085","article-title":"The utility of electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy as a localization tool for robotic resection of small pulmonary nodules","volume":"98","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.39","article-title":"Current clinical applications of endobronchial ultrasound","volume":"4","author":"Yasufuku","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00075310","article-title":"Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Steinfort","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1026","article-title":"Standard bronchoscopy with fluoroscopy vs thin bronchoscopy and radial endobronchial ultrasound for biopsy of pulmonary lesions: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial","volume":"154","author":"Tanner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201601-069OC","article-title":"Localization of peripheral pulmonary lesions using a method of computed tomography\u2013anatomic correlation and radial probe endobronchial ultrasound confirmation","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-015-0060-5","article-title":"Bronchus sign on thin-section computed tomography is a powerful predictive factor for successful transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasound with a guide sheath for small peripheral lung lesions: a retrospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Minezawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201311-384OC","article-title":"Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for peripheral pulmonary lesions: a 5-year institutional experience","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.8834","article-title":"Cone beam computertomography (CBCT) in interventional chest medicine - high feasibility for endobronchial realtime navigation","volume":"5","author":"Hohenforst-Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000536","article-title":"Cone-beam CT with augmented fluoroscopy combined with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for biopsy of pulmonary nodules","volume":"25","author":"Pritchett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib59","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000499","article-title":"Robotic bronchoscopy for diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: a feasibility study","volume":"25","author":"Rojas-Solano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026012203383097900_bib61","first-page":"S99","article-title":"Pneumothorax after transthoracic needle biopsy of lung lesions under CT guidance","volume":"6","author":"Boskovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12980","article-title":"Radial endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201607-522BC","article-title":"Same-day computed tomographic chest imaging for pulmonary nodule targeting with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy may decrease unnecessary procedures","volume":"13","author":"Semaan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000519","article-title":"Are transbronchial cryobiopsies ready for prime time? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Sethi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000484055","article-title":"Transbronchial cryobiopsies for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: expert statement from the cryobiopsy working group on safety and utility and a call for standardization of the procedure","volume":"95","author":"Hetzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1255ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT clinical practice guideline","volume":"198","author":"Raghu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200210-1181SO","article-title":"Central airway obstruction","volume":"169","author":"Ernst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-9202-x","article-title":"Bronchoscopic palliation of primary lung cancer: single or multimodality therapy?","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1530","article-title":"Complications following therapeutic bronchoscopy for malignant central airway obstruction: results of the AQuIRE Registry","volume":"148","author":"Ost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1526","article-title":"Therapeutic bronchoscopy for malignant central airway obstruction: success rates and impact on dyspnea and quality of life","volume":"147","author":"Ost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-211521","article-title":"Long-term quality-adjusted survival following therapeutic bronchoscopy for malignant central airway obstruction","volume":"74","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13292","article-title":"External beam radiation therapy combined with airway stenting leads to better survival in patients with malignant airway obstruction","volume":"23","author":"Mallow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.05.025","article-title":"Recent advances in bronchoscopic treatment of peripheral lung cancers","volume":"151","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13214","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of paclitaxel delivery into porcine airway walls by a new endobronchial drug delivery catheter","volume":"23","author":"Tsukada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djx097","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx097","article-title":"Local immunotherapy of cancer: innovative approaches to harnessing tumor-specific immune responses","volume":"109","author":"Murthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0354OC","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"181","author":"Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700017","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00017-2017","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of bronchial thermoplasty in subjects with severe asthma: a comparison of 3-year follow-up results from two prospective multicentre studies","volume":"50","author":"Chupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.009","article-title":"Bronchial thermoplasty: long-term safety and effectiveness in patients with severe persistent asthma","volume":"132","author":"Wechsler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030287","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema","volume":"348","author":"Fishman","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1159\/000479379","article-title":"Endoscopic lung volume reduction: an expert panel recommendation - update 2017","volume":"94","author":"Herth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900928","article-title":"A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema","volume":"363","author":"Sciurba","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000259318","article-title":"A multicenter pilot study of a bronchial valve for the treatment of severe emphysema","volume":"79","author":"Sterman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"Suppl 62","key":"2026012203383097900_bib83","first-page":"OA4928","article-title":"Endobronchial valves for severe emphysema \u2013 12-month results of the EMPROVE trial [abstract]","volume":"52","author":"Criner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1383OC","article-title":"Endobronchial valve therapy in patients with homogeneous emphysema: results from the IMPACT study","volume":"194","author":"Valipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 23","key":"2026012203383097900_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2816","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.05.118","article-title":"Lung volume reduction surgery or bronchoscopic lung volume reduction: is there an algorithm for allocation?","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S158748","article-title":"Long-term safety of bilateral targeted lung denervation in patients with COPD","volume":"13","author":"Valipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii4","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136978","article-title":"Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010","volume":"65","author":"Hooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2113","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of outpatient medical thoracoscopy at a large tertiary medical center: a collaborative medical-surgical initiative","volume":"146","author":"DePew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.02.044","article-title":"Efficacy and cost of awake thoracoscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the undiagnosed pleural effusion","volume":"106","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5535","article-title":"Effect of an indwelling pleural catheter vs chest tube and talc pleurodesis for relieving dyspnea in patients with malignant pleural effusion: the TIME2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"307","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000192","article-title":"Management of malignant pleural effusion: a cost-utility analysis","volume":"22","author":"Shafiq","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12962","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of indwelling pleural catheter compared with talc in malignant pleural effusion","volume":"22","author":"Olfert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204563","article-title":"Indwelling pleural catheters for non-malignant effusions: a multicentre review of practice","volume":"69","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1034","article-title":"Indwelling tunneled pleural catheters for refractory hepatic hydrothorax in patients with cirrhosis: a multicenter study","volume":"155","author":"Shojaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1404OC","article-title":"Randomized trial of pleural fluid drainage frequency in patients with malignant pleural effusions: the ASAP trial","volume":"195","author":"Wahidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30288-1","article-title":"Aggressive versus symptom-guided drainage of malignant pleural effusion via indwelling pleural catheters (AMPLE-2): an open-label randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"Muruganandan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0097LE","article-title":"A novel drug-eluting indwelling pleural catheter for the management of malignant effusions","volume":"197","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200601-074OC","article-title":"The bacteriology of pleural infection by genetic and standard methods and its mortality significance","volume":"174","author":"Maskell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012740","article-title":"Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection","volume":"365","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00147214","article-title":"Pleural irrigation trial (PIT): a randomised controlled trial of pleural irrigation with normal saline versus standard care in patients with pleural infection","volume":"46","author":"Hooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"Suppl 33","key":"2026012203383097900_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4122","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.10.54","article-title":"The ongoing struggle with empyema management: is surgery really the answer?","volume":"10","author":"Bedawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1558","article-title":"A clinical score (RAPID) to identify those at risk for poor outcome at presentation in patients with pleural infection","volume":"145","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.1.273","article-title":"Use of a removable endobronchial valve for the treatment of bronchopleural fistula","volume":"130","author":"Feller-Kopman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.03.017","article-title":"Persistent air leak - review","volume":"137","author":"Sakata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203383097900_bib105","author":"AURIS"}],"container-title":["Annals of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/16\/7\/786\/66386242\/annalsats_16_7_786.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/16\/7\/786\/66386242\/annalsats_16_7_786.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:42:14Z","timestamp":1769071334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article\/16\/7\/786\/8423949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.201901-044cme","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-6933","2325-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-6621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}}}