{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T22:42:15Z","timestamp":1794264135934,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2122,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although it is well accepted that air pollution exposure exacerbates preexisting airway disease, it has not been firmly established that long-term pollution exposure increases the risk of new-onset asthma or chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD). This Workshop brought together experts on mechanistic, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of airway disease to review current knowledge regarding whether air pollution is a causal factor in the development of asthma and\/or COPD. Speakers presented recent evidence in their respective areas of expertise related to air pollution and new airway disease incidence, followed by interactive discussions. A writing committee summarized their collective findings. The Epidemiology Group found that long-term exposure to air pollution, especially metrics of traffic-related air pollution such as nitrogen dioxide and black carbon, is associated with onset of childhood asthma. However, the evidence for a causal role in adult-onset asthma or COPD remains insufficient. The Mechanistic Group concluded that air pollution exposure can cause airway remodeling, which can lead to asthma or COPD, as well as asthma-like phenotypes that worsen with long-term exposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter and ozone. The Clinical Group concluded that air pollution is a plausible contributor to the onset of both asthma and COPD. Available evidence indicates that long-term exposure to air pollution is a cause of childhood asthma, but the evidence for a similar determination for adult asthma or COPD remains insufficient. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact biological mechanism underlying incident childhood asthma, and the specific air pollutant that causes it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.202001-046st","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T10:35:42Z","timestamp":1585737342000},"page":"387-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Outdoor Air Pollution and New-Onset Airway Disease. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9429-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George D.","family":"Thurston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2246-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Balmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1540-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9033-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank D.","family":"Gilliland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2538-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary B.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Schikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1689-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura S.","family":"Van Winkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-9300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Annesi-Maesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-2035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban G.","family":"Burchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Carlsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack R.","family":"Harkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9086-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haneen","family":"Khreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Kleeberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6333-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urmila P.","family":"Kodavanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4911-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5243-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dave B.","family":"Peden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9047-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent E.","family":"Pinkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Reibman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4594-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl W.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib1","article-title":"Integrated science assessment for particulate matter (EPA\/600\/R-08\/139F)","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib2","article-title":"Integrated Science Assessment of Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (PA\/600\/R-10\/076F)","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib3","article-title":"Integrated science assessment for oxides of nitrogen\u2014health criteria (EPA\/600\/R-15\/068)","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib4","article-title":"Integrated science assessment for sulfur oxides\u2014health criteria (EPA\/600\/R-17\/451)","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200103000-00012","article-title":"Air pollution and exacerbation of asthma in African-American children in Los Angeles","volume":"12","author":"Ostro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1859","article-title":"Association of low-level ozone and fine particles with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma","volume":"290","author":"Gent","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200101000-00009","article-title":"The effects of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism due to respiratory illnesses","volume":"12","author":"Gilliland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib8","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on children","volume":"103","author":"Bates","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200908-1201OC","article-title":"Short-term associations between ambient air pollutants and pediatric asthma emergency department visits","volume":"182","author":"Strickland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3109\/08958370903575774","article-title":"Associations between asthma emergency visits and particulate matter sources, including diesel emissions from stationary generators in Tacoma, Washington","volume":"22","author":"Mar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0010-2","article-title":"Ambient ozone exposure and children\u2019s acute asthma in New York City: a case-crossover analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sheffield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12795","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on asthma hospital admissions in Adelaide, South Australia, 2003\u20132013: time-series and case-crossover analyses","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(05)80167-7","article-title":"Effects of single- and multiday ozone exposures on respiratory function in active normal children","volume":"55","author":"Spektor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002653","article-title":"Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution and acute respiratory health among Bronx schoolchildren with asthma","volume":"119","author":"Spira-Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.10.062","article-title":"Exposure to traffic: lung function and health status in adults with asthma","volume":"123","author":"Balmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.028","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, lung function, and airway responsiveness in asthmatic children","volume":"137","author":"Ierodiakonou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00108814","article-title":"Effects of short- and long-term exposures to ambient air pollution on COPD","volume":"44","author":"Garshick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2434OC","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and emergency room visits for respiratory illness. Effect modification by oxidative potential","volume":"194","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases","volume":"295","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0513","article-title":"Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations and mortality in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib21","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health effects","author":"Health Effects Institute.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901232","article-title":"Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school","volume":"118","author":"McConnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.038","article-title":"The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: A systematic review","volume":"159","author":"Hehua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2017.1313270","article-title":"Effects of traffic-related air pollution on susceptibility to infantile bronchiolitis and childhood asthma: a cohort study in Korea","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000754","article-title":"Exposure to mobile source air pollution in early-life and childhood asthma incidence: the Kaiser Air Pollution and Pediatric Asthma Study","volume":"29","author":"Pennington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP239","article-title":"Early exposure to traffic-related air pollution, respiratory symptoms at 4 years of age, and potential effect modification by parental allergy, stressful family events, and sex: a prospective follow-up study of the PARIS birth cohort","volume":"125","author":"Ranci\u00e8re","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.062","article-title":"Lifetime air pollution exposure and asthma in a pediatric birth cohort","volume":"141","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701884","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01884-2017","article-title":"Effect modification of perinatal exposure to air pollution and childhood asthma incidence","author":"Lavigne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509838","article-title":"Childhood exposure to ambient air pollutants and the onset of asthma: an administrative cohort study in Qu\u00e9bec","volume":"124","author":"T\u00e9treault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103175","article-title":"Children\u2019s respiratory health and oxidative potential of PM2.5: the PIAMA birth cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.05.050","article-title":"Exposure to outdoor air pollution during trimesters of pregnancy and childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema","volume":"150","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.03.024","article-title":"Fine particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and infancy and incident asthma","volume":"143","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib34","first-page":"33","article-title":"The disproportionate impact of environmental health threats on children of color","volume":"103","author":"Mott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality in the United States, 2001\u20132010","volume":"(94)","author":"Akinbami","year":"2012","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0264OC","article-title":"Early-life air pollution and asthma risk in minority children. The GALA II and SAGE II studies","volume":"188","author":"Nishimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5357","article-title":"Association of changes in air quality with incident asthma in children in California, 1993\u20132014","volume":"321","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0145-4","article-title":"Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the prevalence of asthma: meta-analysis of multi-community prevalence studies","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1325191","article-title":"The role of air pollution in adult-onset asthma: a review of the current evidence","volume":"33","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.028","article-title":"Traffic related air pollution and development and persistence of asthma and low lung function","volume":"113","author":"Bowatte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201403-0525OC","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure and incident adult asthma in a nationwide cohort of U.S. women","volume":"190","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408206","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and adult asthma incidence in six European cohorts (ESCAPE)","volume":"123","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0144-5","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of asthma: meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2036OC","article-title":"Physical activity, air pollution, and the risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"194","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0276-7","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and respiratory disease incidence in in Toronto, Canada: a cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3894","article-title":"Long-term ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: the AHSMOG Study","volume":"80","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.033977","article-title":"Traffic related air pollution as a determinant of asthma among Taiwanese school children","volume":"60","author":"Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07597-9","article-title":"Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study","volume":"359","author":"McConnell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1126\/science.204.4399.1273","article-title":"Photochemical air pollution in the northeast United States","volume":"204","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.055152","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and incident asthma in a high-risk birth cohort","volume":"68","author":"Carlsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000264","article-title":"Particulate matter composition and respiratory health: the PIAMA birth cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Gehring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1757ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"182","author":"Eisner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib53","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chronic respiratory symptoms associated with estimated long-term ambient concentrations of fine particulates less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and other air pollutants","volume":"5","author":"Abbey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027005","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2199","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and chronic bronchitis in a cohort of U.S. women","volume":"126","author":"Hooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.027995","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis and urban air pollution in an international study","volume":"63","author":"Sunyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132213","article-title":"Association of ambient air pollution with the prevalence and incidence of COPD","volume":"44","author":"Schikowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0937OC","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: a cohort study","volume":"183","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102266","article-title":"Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national English cohort","volume":"72","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib59","first-page":"849","article-title":"Traffic pollution and the incidence of cardiorespiratory outcomes in an adult cohort in London","volume":"73","author":"Carey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-1932OC","article-title":"Progression from asthma to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Is air pollution a risk factor?","volume":"194","author":"To","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2019.1575951","article-title":"Risk of COPD due to indoor air pollution from biomass cooking fuel: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Pathak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib62","first-page":"295","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600419","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016","article-title":"A joint ERS\/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework","volume":"49","author":"Thurston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200808-092RM","article-title":"The origins of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in early life","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.6.3807","article-title":"The attenuated fibroblast sheath of the respiratory tract epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit","volume":"21","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L338","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00094.2014","article-title":"Growth of alveoli during postnatal development in humans based on stereological estimation","volume":"307","author":"Herring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L570","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00467.2006","article-title":"Alveoli increase in number but not size from birth to adulthood in rhesus monkeys","volume":"293","author":"Hyde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00295.2010","article-title":"Small particles disrupt postnatal airway development","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.591447","article-title":"Disruption of tracheobronchial airway growth following postnatal exposure to ozone and ultrafine particles","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L644","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00027.2006","article-title":"Cyclic exposure to ozone alters distal airway development in infant rhesus monkeys","volume":"291","author":"Fanucchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-436OC","article-title":"Chronic exposure to ambient levels of urban particles affects mouse lung development","volume":"178","author":"Mauad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22545","article-title":"Ozone exposure during the early postnatal period alters the timing and pattern of alveolar growth and development in nonhuman primates","volume":"295","author":"Avdalovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr233","article-title":"Susceptibility to inhaled flame-generated ultrafine soot in neonatal and adult rat lungs","volume":"124","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00218-7","article-title":"Repeated episodes of ozone inhalation amplifies the effects of allergen sensitization and inhalation on airway immune and structural development in rhesus monkeys","volume":"191","author":"Schelegle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.12.006","article-title":"Early life exposure to allergen and ozone results in altered development in adolescent rhesus macaque lungs","volume":"283","author":"Herring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0387OC","article-title":"Persistence of serotonergic enhancement of airway response in a model of childhood asthma","volume":"51","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L399","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00261.2011","article-title":"Pulmonary T cell activation in response to chronic particulate air pollution","volume":"302","author":"Deiuliis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib78","first-page":"64","article-title":"Real-world exposure of airborne particulate matter triggers oxidative stress in an animal model","volume":"2","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140701884406","article-title":"Airway inflammatory responses to oxidative stress induced by prolonged low-dose diesel exhaust particle exposure from birth differ between mouse BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 strains","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2013.801004","article-title":"Glutathione (GSH) and the GSH synthesis gene Gclm modulate plasma redox and vascular responses to acute diesel exhaust inhalation in mice","volume":"25","author":"Weldy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib81","first-page":"9","article-title":"Part 1. Biologic responses in rats and mice to subchronic inhalation of diesel exhaust from US 2007-compliant engines: report on 1-, 3-, and 12-month exposures in the ACES bioassay","volume":"166","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib82","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mechanisms of particulate matter toxicity in neonatal and young adult rat lungs","volume":"135","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-014-0499-2","article-title":"Beijing ambient particle exposure accelerates atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice by upregulating visfatin expression","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-11","article-title":"Effects of ultrafine particles-induced oxidative stress on Clara cells in allergic lung inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1080\/716100636","article-title":"Murine pulmonary inflammatory responses following instillation of size-fractionated ambient particulate matter","volume":"66","author":"Dick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2010.513403","article-title":"Age specific responses to acute inhalation of diffusion flame soot particles: cellular injury and the airway antioxidant response","volume":"22","author":"Van Winkle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-34","article-title":"Combustion-derived flame generated ultrafine soot generates reactive oxygen species and activates Nrf2 antioxidants differently in neonatal and adult rat lungs","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0108OC","article-title":"Age-specific effects on rat lung glutathione and antioxidant enzymes after inhaling ultrafine soot","volume":"48","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L665","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00370.2012","article-title":"Combustion derived ultrafine particles induce cytochrome P-450 expression in specific lung compartments in the developing neonatal and adult rat","volume":"304","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370390241786","article-title":"Optimization of route of administration for coexposure to ovalbumin and particle matter to induce adjuvant activity in respiratory allergy in the mouse","volume":"15","author":"Steerenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2000.11463248","article-title":"Enhanced allergic sensitization in animals exposed to particulate air pollution","volume":"12","author":"Gilmour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)00075-9","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles and carbon black have adjuvant activity on the local lymph node response and systemic IgE production to ovalbumin","volume":"121","author":"L\u00f8vik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.01.001","article-title":"Allergy adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic","volume":"246","author":"Samuelsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.01.010","article-title":"Lung dendritic cells are stimulated by ultrafine particles and play a key role in particle adjuvant activity","volume":"121","author":"de Haar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nww064","article-title":"Pulmonary diseases induced by ambient ultrafine and engineered nanoparticles in twenty-first century","volume":"3","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.863746","article-title":"Particles influence allergic responses in mice\u2014role of gender and particle size","volume":"77","author":"Alberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.050","article-title":"Inhalation of concentrated PM2.5 from Mexico City acts as an adjuvant in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma","volume":"228","author":"Falcon-Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2016.1222920","article-title":"Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) enhances allergic sensitization in BALB\/c mice","volume":"80","author":"Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of concentrated ambient particles on normal and hypersecretory airways in rats","volume":"120","author":"Harkema","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6300","article-title":"Metal composition of ambient PM2.5 influences severity of allergic airways disease in mice","volume":"111","author":"Gavett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.080127","article-title":"Microsomal epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase P1, traffic and childhood asthma","volume":"62","author":"Salam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0165OC","article-title":"Ozone-induced type 2 immunity in nasal airways. development and lymphoid cell dependence in mice","volume":"54","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0118OC","article-title":"Ozone-induced nasal type 2 immunity in mice is dependent on innate lymphoid cells","volume":"54","author":"Kumagai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317728135","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells mediate pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation, airway mucous cell metaplasia, and type 2 immunity in mice exposed to ozone","volume":"45","author":"Kumagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316674274","article-title":"Strain differences in a murine model of air pollutant-induced nonatopic asthma and rhinitis","volume":"45","author":"Harkema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01155.x","article-title":"Ambient ozone exposure is associated with eosinophil activation in healthy children","volume":"31","author":"Frischer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.058","article-title":"Early-life ozone exposure associated with asthma without sensitization in Latino children","volume":"138","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.188","article-title":"Diesel exhausts particles: their role in increasing the incidence of asthma. Reviewing the evidence of a causal link","volume":"652","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12908","article-title":"Animal models of COPD: what do they tell us?","volume":"22","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7915975","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7915975","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in the immune responses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lessons from animal models","volume":"2017","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-118","article-title":"Characterisation of the proximal airway squamous metaplasia induced by chronic tobacco smoke exposure in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"10","author":"Bolton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87536","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.87536","article-title":"A ferret model of COPD-related chronic bronchitis","volume":"1","author":"Raju","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.8899","article-title":"The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of human cardiovascular disease: evidence of exacerbated cardiopulmonary injury and oxidative stress from inhaled emission particulate matter","volume":"164","author":"Kodavanti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(88)90086-8","article-title":"Comparison of daily and seasonal exposures of young monkeys to ozone","volume":"50","author":"Tyler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(93)90136-L","article-title":"Ozone- and endotoxin-induced mucous cell metaplasias in rat airway epithelium: novel animal models to study toxicant-induced epithelial transformation in airways","volume":"68","author":"Harkema","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib116","first-page":"195","article-title":"Peribronchiolar fibrosis in lungs of cats chronically exposed to diesel exhaust","volume":"52","author":"Hyde","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201707-574MG","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and clinical implications for susceptible populations","volume":"15","author":"Hooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581813518355","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particle-induced airway responses are augmented in obese rats","volume":"33","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2017.1342719","article-title":"Effects of maternal high-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle on susceptibility of adult offspring to ozone exposure in rats","volume":"29","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy003","article-title":"Ozone-induced vascular contractility and pulmonary injury are differentially impacted by diets enriched with coconut oil, fish oil, and olive oil","volume":"163","author":"Snow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-007-9045-1","article-title":"The polymorphism architecture of mouse genetic resources elucidated using genome-wide resequencing data: implications for QTL discovery and systems genetics","volume":"18","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2008.01.008","article-title":"The non-human primate as a model for studying COPD and asthma","volume":"21","author":"Plopper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012203414305400_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.09.029","article-title":"Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma\u2014summary report 2007","volume":"120","author":"National Asthma Education and Prevention Program","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib124","article-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention;","author":"Global Initiative for Asthma","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib126","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20120340","article-title":"Phenotyping the heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"124","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2026012203414305400_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06296","article-title":"Characteristics of subjects with undiagnosed COPD based on post-bronchodilator spirometry data","volume":"64","author":"Hangaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Care"}],"container-title":["Annals of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/17\/4\/387\/66347224\/annalsats_17_4_387.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/17\/4\/387\/66347224\/annalsats_17_4_387.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:46:29Z","timestamp":1769071589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article\/17\/4\/387\/8419313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.202001-046st","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-6933","2325-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-6621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}