{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:37:58Z","timestamp":1785328678517,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1362,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of the Environment, Japan"},{"name":"Ministry of the Environment, Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological evidence indicates that ambient exposure to particulate matter \u2a7d2.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) has adverse effects on lung function growth in children, but it is not actually clear whether exposure to low-level PM2.5 results in long-term decrements in lung function growth in pre- to early-adolescent schoolchildren.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine long-term effects of PM2.5 within the 4-year average concentration range of 10\u201319 \u03bcg\/m3 on lung function growth with repeated measurements of lung function tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal analysis of 6,233 lung function measurements in 1,466 participants aged 8\u201312 years from 16 school communities in 10 cities around Japan, covering a broad area of the country to represent concentration ranges of PM2.5, was done with a multilevel linear regression model. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximal expiratory flow at 50% of FVC were used as lung function indicators to examine the effects of 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increases in the PM2.5 concentration on relative growth per each 10-cm increase in height.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall annual mean PM2.5 level was 13.5 \u03bcg\/m3 (range, 10.4\u201319.0 \u03bcg\/m3). We found no association between any of the lung function growth indicators and increases in PM2.5 levels in children of either sex, even after controlling for potential confounders. Analysis with two-pollutant models with O3 or NO2 did not change the null results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nationwide longitudinal study suggests that concurrent, long-term exposure to PM2.5 at concentrations ranging from 10.4 to 19.0 \u03bcg\/m3 has little effect on lung function growth in preadolescent boys or pre- to early-adolescent girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.202104-511oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T16:32:05Z","timestamp":1634833925000},"page":"763-772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exposure to PM2.5 and Lung Function Growth in Pre- and Early-Adolescent Schoolchildren: A Longitudinal Study Involving Repeated Lung Function Measurements in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Takebayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Taguri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science, School of Data Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Odajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukuoka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Environment Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Milojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayano","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morikawa Pediatrics Allergy Clinic, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruomi","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayo","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasufumi","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mukai Clinic, Amami, Kagoshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihoko","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuuji","family":"Nishiwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takesumi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Fukuoka, Japan; 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