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Study staff members collected baseline and outcome data via phone at 30, 60, and 90\u2009days after randomization. Adherence to LTOT over 60\u2009days, the primary effectiveness outcome, was defined as mean LTOT use \u2a7e17.7\u2009h\/d. LTOT use was calculated using information about home oxygen equipment use in worksheets completed by study participants. Comparisons of adherence to LTOT between each coaching group and the usual care group using multivariable logistic regression models were prespecified as the primary analyses. Secondary effectiveness outcomes included Patient Reported Outcome Management Information System measures for physical, emotional, and social health. We assessed early implementation domains in the reach, adoption, and implementation framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 444 participants, the proportions who were adherent to LTOT at 60\u2009days were 74% in usual care, 84% in reactive coaching, and 70% in proactive coaching groups. Although reach, adoption by stakeholder partners, and intervention fidelity were acceptable, complete LTOT adherence data were available in only 73% of participants. Reactive coaching (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 97.5% confidence interval, 0.80\u20133.90) and proactive coaching (adjusted odds ratio, 0.70; 97.5% confidence interval, 0.34\u20131.46) did not improve adherence to LTOT compared with usual care. However, proactive coaching significantly reduced depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance compared with usual care and reduced depressive symptoms compared with reactive coaching. Unexpectedly, LTOT adherence was significantly lower in the proactive compared with the reactive coaching group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results were inconclusive about whether a phone-based peer coaching strategy changed LTOT adherence compared with usual care. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of proactive peer coaching on secondary effectiveness outcomes and differences in LTOT adherence between proactive and reactive peer coaching.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02098369).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.202302-104oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T15:00:26Z","timestamp":1694185226000},"page":"1561-1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Hybrid Effectiveness\/Implementation Clinical Trial of Adherence to Long-Term Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Valentin","family":"Prieto-Centurion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado"},{"name":"Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Casaburi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lindquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janos","family":"Porszasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lindquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjib","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina E.","family":"Bracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy"},{"name":"Office of Population Health Sciences, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Richard","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Therapeutic Research Institute, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, Darien, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai D.","family":"Illendula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy"},{"name":"Office of Population Health Sciences, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Sandhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD Foundation, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD Foundation, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7279-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn B.","family":"Gerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy"},{"name":"Office of Population Health Sciences, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5525-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerry A.","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy"},{"name":"Office of Population Health Sciences, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012203292162400_bib1","first-page":"CD001744","article-title":"Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2005","author":"Cranston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012203292162400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-93-3-391","article-title":"Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012203292162400_bib3","first-page":"681","article-title":"Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 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