{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:29:38Z","timestamp":1780320578528,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":478,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-01146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-01146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-01213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-01213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-01807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-01807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-01886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-06340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-06340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-01146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-01146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-01213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-01213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-01807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-01807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-01886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-06340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-06340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The benefits of improved air quality on asthma remain understudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to investigate associations of changes in ambient air pollution with incident asthma from school age until young adulthood in an area with mostly low air pollution levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants in the BAMSE (Swedish abbreviation for Children, Allergy, Environment, Stockholm, Epidemiology) birth cohort from Stockholm without asthma before the 8-year follow-up were included (N\u2009=\u20092,371). We estimated the association of change in individual-level air pollutant exposure (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter \u2264\u20092.5 \u03bcm [PM2.5] and \u2264\u200910 \u03bcm [PM10], black carbon [BC], and nitrogen oxides [NOx]) from the first year of life to the 8-year follow-up with asthma incidence from the 8-year until the 24-year follow-up. Multipollutant trajectories were identified using the group-based multivariate trajectory model. We also used parametric G-computation to quantify the asthma incidence under different hypothetical interventions regarding air pollution levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air pollution levels at residency decreased during the period, with median reductions of 5.6% for PM2.5, 3.1% for PM10, 5.9% for BC, and 26.8% for NOx. A total of 395 incident asthma cases were identified from the 8-year until the 24-year follow-up. The odds ratio for asthma was 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80\u20130.99) for each interquartile range reduction in PM2.5 (equal to 8.1% reduction). Associations appeared less clear for PM10, BC, and NOx. Five multipollutant trajectories were identified; the largest reduction trajectory displayed the lowest odds of asthma (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31\u20130.98) compared with the lowest reduction trajectory. If the PM2.5 exposure had not declined up to the 8-year follow-up, the hypothetical asthma incidence was estimated to have been 10.9% higher (95% CI, 0.8\u201320.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A decrease in PM2.5 levels during childhood was associated with a lower risk of incident asthma from school age to young adulthood in an area with relatively low air pollution levels, suggesting broad respiratory health benefits from improved air quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.202402-200oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T15:12:35Z","timestamp":1720019555000},"page":"1432-1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Improved Air Quality and Asthma Incidence from School Age to Young Adulthood: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhebin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kebede Merid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Bellander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"},{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Eneroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholms Luft-och Bulleranalys, Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"},{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"\u00d6dling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Kull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Sachs\u2019 Children and Youth Hospital, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petter","family":"Ljungman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Klevebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Sachs\u2019 Children and Youth Hospital, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Stafoggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service\/Azienda Sanitaria Locale Roma 1, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory, Allergy, and Sleep Research, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Pershagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Mel\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Sachs\u2019 Children and Youth Hospital, S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Gruzieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine and"},{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00785-1","article-title":"Asthma epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"42","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01450-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in the burden of asthma symptoms in school-aged children: Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study","volume":"398","author":"Asher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00110-4","article-title":"Asthma care for all: mind the missing middle years","volume":"7","author":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02125-0","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"401","author":"Porsbjerg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00215-2","article-title":"Allergies to food and airborne allergens in children and adolescents: role of epigenetics in a changing environment","volume":"6","author":"Mel\u00e9n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107262","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and selected health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Boogaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11539","article-title":"Early-life exposure to ambient air pollution from multiple sources and asthma incidence in children: a nationwide birth cohort study from Denmark","volume":"131","author":"Pedersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000147","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00147-2020","article-title":"Air pollution and the development of asthma from birth until young adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Gehring","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200207000-00006","article-title":"Improved air quality in reunified Germany and decreases in respiratory symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Heinrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9906105","article-title":"Decline of ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms in children","volume":"161","author":"Heinrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15815","article-title":"Improved ambient air quality is associated with decreased prevalence of childhood asthma and infancy shortly after weaning is a sensitive exposure window","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8159","article-title":"Decline of ambient air pollution levels and improved respiratory health in Swiss children","volume":"113","author":"Bayer-Oglesby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5357","article-title":"Association of changes in air quality with incident asthma in children in California, 1993\u20132014","volume":"321","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02575-2020","article-title":"Air pollution and health: recent advances in air pollution epidemiology to inform the European Green Deal: a joint workshop report of ERS, WHO, ISEE and HEI","volume":"56","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000245","article-title":"Clean air in Europe for all","volume":"7","author":"Boogaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301380","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01380-2023","article-title":"Clean air in Europe for all: taking stock of the proposed revision to the ambient air quality directives. A joint ERS, HEI, and ISEE workshop report","volume":"62","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib18","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201783","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01783-2022","article-title":"Associations of improved air quality with lung function growth from childhood to adulthood: the BAMSE study","volume":"61","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-020-00319-w","article-title":"Male sex is strongly associated with IgE-sensitization to airborne but not food allergens: results up to age 24 years from the BAMSE birth cohort","volume":"10","author":"Mel\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.10.x","article-title":"The BAMSE project: presentation of a prospective longitudinal birth cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Wickman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202203-0444OC","article-title":"Plasticity of individual lung function states from childhood to adulthood","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70277-7","article-title":"Comorbidity of eczema, rhinitis, and asthma in IgE-sensitised and non-IgE-sensitised children in MeDALL: a population-based cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Pinart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070742","article-title":"Health impact of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Segersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489602400309","article-title":"The Swedish UPA score: an administrative tool for identification of underprivileged areas","volume":"24","author":"Bajekal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Soc Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001","volume-title":"Applied longitudinal data analysis: modeling change and event occurrence","author":"Singer","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00426-9","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and development of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis throughout childhood and adolescence: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Gehring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408206","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and adult asthma incidence in six European cohorts (ESCAPE)","volume":"123","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10182-022-00437-9","article-title":"Assessment of agricultural sustainability in European Union countries: a group-based multivariate trajectory approach","volume":"106","author":"Magrini","year":"2022","journal-title":"AStA Adv Stat Anal"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216673085","article-title":"Group-based multi-trajectory modeling","volume":"27","author":"Nagin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413","article-title":"Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research","volume":"6","author":"Nagin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12238","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12238","article-title":"Obese asthma phenotypes display distinct plasma biomarker profiles","volume":"13","author":"Bj\u00f6rkander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318276c1ea","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution from traffic and childhood asthma until 12 years of age","volume":"24","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37010","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11095","article-title":"Using parametric g-computation to estimate the effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on mortality risk and simulate the benefits of hypothetical policies: the Canadian Community Health Survey cohort (2005 to 2015)","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12606","article-title":"Air quality improvement and incident dementia: effects of observed and hypothetical reductions in air pollutant using parametric g-computation","volume":"18","author":"Letellier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815678116","article-title":"Effects of policy-driven hypothetical air pollutant interventions on childhood asthma incidence in southern California","volume":"116","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209490119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209490119","article-title":"Impact of lowering fine particulate matter from major emission sources on mortality in Canada: a nationwide causal analysis","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib38","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib39","first-page":"756","article-title":"An introduction to g methods","volume":"46","author":"Naimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100008","article-title":"gfoRmula: an R package for estimating the effects of sustained treatment strategies via the parametric g-formula","volume":"1","author":"McGrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patter"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-388OC","article-title":"Improvements in PM10 exposure and reduced rates of respiratory symptoms in a cohort of Swiss adults (SAPALDIA)","volume":"179","author":"Schindler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100608","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure linked to long COVID among young adults: a nested survey in a population-based cohort in Sweden","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107067","article-title":"Air pollution as a risk factor for cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) and its progression to dementia: a longitudinal study","volume":"160","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2368","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2368","article-title":"Changes in exposure to ambient fine particulate matter after relocating and long term survival in Canada: quasi-experimental study","volume":"375","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity effects of long-term exposure to low-level PM2.5, BC, NO2, and O3: an analysis of European cohorts in the ELAPSE project","volume":"208","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing adverse health effects of long-term exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution: implementation of causal inference methods","volume":"211","author":"Dominici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality\u2013air pollution associations in low-exposure environments (MAPLE): phase 1","volume":"203","author":"Brauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00074-2022","article-title":"Early-life risk factors for development of asthma from 8 to 28 years of age: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Hedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00555-5","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding the contributions of gene-environment interactions across the lifespan","volume":"10","author":"Agusti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0858OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life","volume":"181","author":"Gehring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.030","article-title":"Air pollution and IgE sensitization in 4 European birth cohorts-the MeDALL project","volume":"147","author":"Mel\u00e9n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13308","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution induces non-allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation and cough hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs","volume":"49","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1415785","article-title":"Cleaner air, bigger lungs","volume":"372","author":"Dockery","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303494","article-title":"Population intervention measures to connect research findings to policy","volume":"106","author":"Ahern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10389","article-title":"The impact of exposure measurement error on the estimated concentration-response relationship between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality","volume":"130","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026012203170496000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30315-1","article-title":"Influences of climate change on childhood asthma and allergy risk","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"}],"container-title":["Annals of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/21\/10\/1432\/66008699\/annalsats_21_10_1432.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/21\/10\/1432\/66008699\/annalsats_21_10_1432.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:18:42Z","timestamp":1769069922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article\/21\/10\/1432\/8380682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.202402-200oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-6933","2325-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-6621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}