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A recent advance is the demonstration that treatment with a fixed dose of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting \u03b22-agonist in COPD improves lung function and quality of life, and reduces exacerbation more effectively than either drug alone. Other improvements include the introduction of tiotropium, a once-daily anticholinergic. In advanced clinical development are other once-daily bronchodilators and combinations of anticholinergic drugs and \u03b22-agonists. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD has led to novel drugs aimed at inhibiting targets, including phosphodiesterase 4, proteases, and various inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, COPD is increasingly seen as a systemic disorder or, indeed, may be a pulmonary manifestation of a complex pathophysiologic response to chronic inhalation of toxic irritants and associated with aging. Future therapy may involve better understanding of how best to target existing drugs used to treat cardiovascular disorders associated with smoking, such as atherosclerosis and hypercoagulability, and the development of new drugs that target systemic and metabolic manifestations that either result from or coexist with chronic lung inflammation, hypoxia, and cardiovascular disease in COPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200411-054sf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,14]],"date-time":"2005-04-14T15:28:30Z","timestamp":1113492510000},"page":"83-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Future Directions in the Pharmacologic Therapy of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Buhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, 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