{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:03:59Z","timestamp":1789513439081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autophagy, or \u201cself eating,\u201d refers to a regulated cellular process for the lysosomal-dependent turnover of organelles and proteins. During starvation or nutrient deficiency, autophagy promotes survival through the replenishment of metabolic precursors derived from the degradation of endogenous cellular components. Autophagy represents a general homeostatic and inducible adaptive response to environmental stress, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and exposure to pharmaceuticals and xenobiotics. Whereas elevated autophagy can be observed in dying cells, the functional relationships between autophagy and programmed cell death pathways remain incompletely understood. Preclinical studies have identified autophagy as a process that can be activated during vascular disorders, including ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury of the heart and other organs, cardiomyopathy, myocardial injury, and atherosclerosis. The functional significance of autophagy in human cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, and potentially involves both adaptive and maladaptive outcomes, depending on model system. Although relatively few studies have been performed in the lung, our recent studies also implicate a role for autophagy in chronic lung disease. Manipulation of the signaling pathways that regulate autophagy could potentially provide a novel therapeutic strategy in the prevention or treatment of human disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200909-100js","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,16]],"date-time":"2010-02-16T15:23:04Z","timestamp":1266333784000},"page":"40-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Autophagy in Vascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stefan W.","family":"Ryter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akaya","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine M. K.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB1","first-page":"259","volume":"1066","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(04)00099-1","volume":"6","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06639","volume":"451","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1717","volume":"290","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401765","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2007.03.034","volume":"462","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2006.08.004","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30299","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607007200","volume":"281","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012485299","volume":"99","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.152","volume":"8","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1692","volume":"5","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01620","volume":"118","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2094","volume":"211","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.08.012","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.016","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26390","volume":"115","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.018","volume":"132","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20080508","volume":"116","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.2.7495","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2174\/156652408783769616","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB21","first-page":"741","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2529","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.175448","volume":"103","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.163","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/446745a","volume":"446","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2009.42.6.324","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1954","volume":"39","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2032","volume":"39","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.034","volume":"132","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB30","first-page":"9","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003316","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB32","first-page":"A1813","volume":"179","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB33","first-page":"A1814","volume":"179","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB34","first-page":"A5363","volume":"179","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/45257","volume":"402","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5360","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-01-0080","volume":"19","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33889","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.51.33889","volume":"273","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2003.12.004","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29278","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303800200","volume":"278","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.21.5720","volume":"19","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37298","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C700195200","volume":"282","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01114","volume":"117","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB43","first-page":"4837","volume":"2004","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8586-8596.1998","volume":"72","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.07.002","volume":"122","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20722","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413934200","volume":"280","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1482","volume":"8","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401936","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7066","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.05.034","volume":"126","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.3.1025-1040.2005","volume":"25","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1192","volume":"6","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402234","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB54","first-page":"519","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19179","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513377200","volume":"281","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511288103","volume":"103","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096645","volume":"304","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5662","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609267200","volume":"282","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706666200","volume":"283","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6767","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-09-0704","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080875","volume":"174","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03029","volume":"432","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.11.8619","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1689","volume":"9","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.5.8510","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB68","first-page":"445","volume":"98","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506843102","volume":"102","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000261924.76669.36","volume":"100","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207197","volume":"22","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29776","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603783200","volume":"281","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-19","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.10.026","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.01.059","volume":"368","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.3.7650","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22187","volume":"47","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051066","volume":"169","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6412","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2009.79","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/35022604","volume":"406","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/35022595","volume":"406","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.65.965","volume":"65","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000067471.95890.5C","volume":"92","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00290-5","volume":"51","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02932962","volume":"43","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1574","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27523","volume":"117","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000051865.66123.B7","volume":"107","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.186551","volume":"103","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.188318","volume":"104","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.12.011","volume":"1793","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.047","volume":"49","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020502111098300_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200909-101JS","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/40\/66579739\/annalsats_7_1_40.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/40\/66579739\/annalsats_7_1_40.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T07:11:29Z","timestamp":1770275489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/article\/7\/1\/40\/8441321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/pats.200909-100js","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-3222","1943-5665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-3222","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5665","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}}}