{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:43:25Z","timestamp":1790801005597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Smoking-related diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are of particular concern in the HIV-infected population. Smoking rates are high in this population, and long-term exposure to cigarette smoke in the setting of HIV infection may increase the number of complications seen. Before the era of combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected persons were noted to have an accelerated form of COPD, with significant emphysematous disease seen in individuals less than 40 years old. Unlike many of the AIDS-defining opportunistic infections, HIV-associated COPD may be more common in the current era of HIV because it is frequently reported in patients without a history of AIDS-related pulmonary complications and because many aging HIV-infected individuals have had a longer exposure to smoking and HIV. In this review, we document the epidemiology of HIV-associated COPD before and after the institution of combination antiretroviral therapy, review data suggesting that COPD is accelerated in those with HIV, and discuss possible mechanisms of HIV-associated COPD, including an increased susceptibility to chronic, latent infections; an aberrant inflammatory response; altered oxidant-antioxidant balance; increased apoptosis associated with HIV; and the effects of antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201006-045wr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,8]],"date-time":"2011-06-08T02:24:12Z","timestamp":1307499852000},"page":"320-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["HIV and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Is It Worse and Why?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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