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Observers can be considered as replacements for sensors to provide the surgeon and\/or the robots with information about the tissue, surgical tools, and their interaction. This paper provides an overview of the observation methods for estimating the tool pose, tissue motion, and the interaction forces. Having a good model for the system and guaranteeing the safety and efficiency of the methods are the challenges involved in using the observers in medical procedures. However, the application-driven nature of the medical robotics provides a thriving field of study for using the observers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2017-0062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T08:33:34Z","timestamp":1523522014000},"page":"268-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Applications of observers in medical robotics"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Bita","family":"Fallahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , 11-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW , Edmonton, AB , T6G 1H9 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron S.","family":"Sloboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cross Cancer Institute and the Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , T6G 1Z2 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , 11-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW , Edmonton, AB , T6G 1H9 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033120221025154_j_auto-2017-0062_ref_001_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab1b4b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. 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