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During recording, even slight displacements of the focal plane lead to images of adjacent tissue layers. In this work, we propose a closed-loop control of the focal plane. To detect and evaluate the visible tissues, we utilize the Bag of Visual Words approach to implement a customizable image processing pipeline for real-time applications. Furthermore, we show that the proposed model can be trained with small classification datasets and can be applied as a segmentation method. The proposed control loop, including tissue detection, is implemented in a proof-of-concept setup and shows promising results in a first evaluation with a human subject.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2019-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T09:03:01Z","timestamp":1569574981000},"page":"879-888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fuzzy tissue detection for real-time focal control in corneal confocal microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bartschat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Allgeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Scherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Stegmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock Department Life, Light & Matter , University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus-Martin","family":"Reichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arjan","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research & TU Darmstadt , Darmstadt , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Reischl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Stachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock Department Life, Light & Matter , University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Mikut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033110060392808_j_auto-2019-0034_ref_001_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1b6b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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