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Secondly, we consider engine starting costs in the DP-PMP framework and thirdly, we allow to constrain the engine state (on\/off) in certain parts of the driving cycle. These three components are integrated into a unified DP-PMP framework. Simulation studies demonstrate the practical benefit of the algorithm and show close to optimal performance in terms of fuel consumption. At the same time the algorithm is computationally cheap and allows real-time operation on series-production ECUs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2020-0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T01:53:37Z","timestamp":1611366817000},"page":"52-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Energy management for series-production plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles based on predictive DP-PMP"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BMW AG , Munich , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Buerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMW AG , Munich , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naim","family":"Bajcinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_001_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Enang and C. Bannister, \u201cModelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (A comprehensive review),\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.\u200974, pp.\u20091210\u20131239, July 2017, DOI: 10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.075.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.075"},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_002_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Rizzoni and S. Onori, \u201cEnergy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: 15 years of development at the Ohio State University,\u201d Oil & Gas Science and Technology \u2013 Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles, vol.\u200970, no.\u20091, pp.\u200941\u201354, Jan. 2015, DOI: 10.2516\/ogst\/2014006.","DOI":"10.2516\/ogst\/2014006"},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_003_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Ngo, T. Hofman, M. Steinbuch and A. 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Peng, \u201cComparative Study of Dynamic Programming and Pontryagin\u2019s Minimum Principle on Energy Management for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle,\u201d Energies, vol.\u20096, no.\u20094, pp.\u20092305\u20132318, April 2013, DOI: 10.3390\/en6042305.","DOI":"10.3390\/en6042305"},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_006_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Delprat, T. Hofman and S. Paganelli, \u201cHybrid Vehicle Energy Management: Singular Optimal Control,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.\u200966, no.\u200911, pp.\u20099654\u20139666, Nov. 2017, DOI: 10.1109\/TVT.2017.2746181.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2746181"},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_007_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Schmid, J. Buerger and N. Bajcinca, \u201cA comparison of PMP-based Energy Management Strategies for Plug-in-Hybrid Electric Vehicles,\u201d presented at the 9th IFAC International Symposium on Advances in Automotive Control, Orleans, France, June 2019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.09.094"},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_008_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b8Aa","unstructured":"D.\u2009P. Bertsekas, Dynamic Programming and Control \u2013 Volume 1, Athena Scientific, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2017."},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_009_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. de Jager, T. van Keulen, J. Kessels, Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles, Springer, London, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-5076-3"},{"key":"2023033111263192146_j_auto-2020-0025_ref_010_w2aab3b7d183b1b6b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Onori, L. Serrao and G. 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