{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:40:16Z","timestamp":1783428016240,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0350034C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0350034C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Emerging real-time applications in information technology, and operational technology enable new innovative concepts to design and operate cyber-physical systems. A promising approach, which has been discovered recently as key technology by several industries is the Digital Twin (DT) concept. A DT connects the virtual representation of a physical object, system or process by available information and sensor data streams, which allows to gather new information about the system it mirrors by applying analytic functions. Thereby the DT technology can help to fill sensor data gaps, e.\u2009g., to support anomaly detection, and to predict future operating conditions and system states. This paper discusses a dynamic power system DT as a cornerstone instance of a new generation of EMS, and a prospective new EMS architecture, to support the increasingly complex operation of electric power systems. Unlike in traditional offline power system models, the parameters are updated dynamically using measurement information from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and a wide area monitoring system (WAMS) to tune the model. This allows to derive a highly accurate virtual representation of the mirrored physical objects. A simulation engine, the Digital Dynamic Mirror (DDM) is introduced, in order to be able to reproduce the state of a reference network in real-time. The validation of the approach is carried out by a case study. In a closed loop within EMS applications, the DDM can help to assess contingency mitigation strategies, thus it can support the decision-making process under variable system conditions. The next generation of control centre Energy Management System (EMS) can benefit from this development by augmentation of the dynamic observability, and the rise of operator situation awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2020-0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T13:23:08Z","timestamp":1599484988000},"page":"750-764","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Embedded Digital Twins in future energy management systems: paving the way for automated grid control"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Brosinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Power Systems Group , Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau , Ilmenau , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens AG , Energy Management Division , Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Power Systems Group , Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau , Ilmenau , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_001_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Handschin and A. Petroianu, Energy management systems: Operation and control of electric energy transmission systems. Berlin: Springer, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84041-8"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_002_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Liu, L. Wu and J. Li, \u201cD-PMU based applications for emerging active distribution systems: A review,\u201d Electric Power Systems Research, vol.\u2009179, p.\u2009106063, 2020, doi: 10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.106063.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.106063"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_003_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab3Aa","unstructured":"A.\u2009M. Prostejovsky, H.\u2009W. Bindner, A.\u2009M. Kosek and K. Kok, \u201cIncreased Observability in Electric Distribution Grids: Emerging Applications Promoting the Active Role of Distribution System Operators,\u201d PhD Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2017."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_004_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Biagini, M. Subasic, A. Oudalov and J. Kreusel, \u201cThe autonomous grid: Automation, intelligence and the future of power systems,\u201d Energy Research & Social Science, vol.\u200965, p.\u2009101460, 2020, doi: 10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101460.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101460"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_005_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab5Aa","unstructured":"B. Badrzadeh, Z. Emin, E. Hillberg, D. Jacobson, L. Kocewiak, G. Lietz, F.\u2009F. Da Silva and M. Val Escudero, \u201cThe Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques and Simulation Tools,\u201d in CIGRE Science & Engineering (CSE), Vol.\u200917, 2020, pp.\u200930\u201346."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_006_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Brosinsky, D. Westermann and R. Krebs, \u201cRecent and prospective developments in power system control centers: Adapting the digital twin technology for application in power system control centers,\u201d in 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), Limassol, Cyprus, 2018, pp.\u20091\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ENERGYCON.2018.8398846"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_007_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Zhao, A. Gomez-Exposito, M. Netto, L. Mili, A. Abur, V. Terzija, I. Kamwa, B. Pal, A.\u2009K. Singh, J. Qi, Z. Huang and A.\u2009P. Sakis Meliopoulos, \u201cPower System Dynamic State Estimation: Motivations, Definitions, Methodologies, and Future Work,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.\u200934, no.\u20094, pp.\u20093188\u20133198, 2019, doi: 10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2894769.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2894769"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_008_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Sass, T. Sennewald and D. Westermann, \u201cAutomated Corrective Actions by VSC-HVDC-systems: A novel Remedial Action Scheme,\u201d IEEE Trans. Power Syst., pp.\u20091\u201310, 2019, doi: 10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2928887.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2928887"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_009_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ab9Aa","unstructured":"Shrirang Abhyankar, \u201cDevelopment of an implicitily coupled electromechanical and electromagnetic transients simulator for power systems,\u201d PhD Thesis, Graduate College of the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, 2011."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_010_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Grieves and J. Vickers, \u201cDigital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable, Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems,\u201d in Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems: New Findings and Approaches, F.-J. Kahlen, S. Flumerfelt and A. Alves, Eds., Cham, s.l.: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp.\u200985\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_011_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac11Aa","unstructured":"C. Brosinsky, X. Song and D. Westermann, \u201cDigital Twin \u2013 Concept of a Continuously Adaptive Power System Mirror,\u201d in Internationaler ETG-Kongress, Esslingen am Neckar, 2019."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_012_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Tao, H. Zhang, A. Liu and A.\u2009Y.\u2009C. Nee, \u201cDigital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art,\u201d IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol.\u200915, no.\u20094, pp.\u20092405\u20132415, 2019, doi: 10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_013_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Cimino, E. Negri and L. Fumagalli, \u201cReview of digital twin applications in manufacturing,\u201d Computers in Industry, vol.\u2009113, p.\u2009103130, 2019, doi: 10.1016\/j.compind.2019.103130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.103130"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_014_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Rasheed, O. San and T. Kvamsdal, \u201cDigital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective,\u201d IEEE Access, vol.\u20098, pp.\u200921980\u201322012, 2020, doi: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_015_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Jones, C. Snider, A. Nassehi, J. Yon and B. Hicks, \u201cCharacterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review,\u201d CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2020, doi: 10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_016_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.-J. Wang, T.-L. Lee and Y. Hsu, \u201cRevolution on digital twin technology \u2013 a patent research approach,\u201d Int J Adv Manuf Technol, vol.\u2009107, 11-12, pp.\u20094687\u20134704, 2020, doi: 10.1007\/s00170-020-05314-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05314-w"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_017_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Ashtari Talkhestani et al., \u201cAn architecture of an Intelligent Digital Twin in a Cyber-Physical Production System,\u201d at \u2013 Automatisierungstechnik, vol.\u200967, no.\u20099, pp.\u2009762\u2013782, 2019, doi: 10.1515\/auto-2019-0039.","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2019-0039"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_018_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac18Aa","unstructured":"C. Brosinsky, T. Sennewald, R. Krebs and D. Westermann, \u201cApplicational Concept for a Dynamic Power System Mirror in the Control Room,\u201d in Cigr\u00e9 Symposium Aalborg, 2019."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_019_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Zhou, J. Yan and D. Feng, \u201cDigital twin and its application to power grid online analysis,\u201d CSEE JPES, vol.\u20095, no.\u20093, pp.\u2009391\u2013398, 2019, doi: 10.17775\/CSEEJPES.2018.01460.","DOI":"10.17775\/CSEEJPES.2018.01460"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_020_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u2009M. Prostejovsky, C. Brosinsky, K. Heussen, D. Westermann, J. Kreusel and M. Marinelli, \u201cThe future role of human operators in highly automated electric power systems,\u201d Electric Power Systems Research, vol.\u2009175, 2019, doi: 10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.105883.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.105883"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_021_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u2009G. Luenberger, \u201cObserving the State of a Linear System,\u201d IEEE Trans. Mil. Electron., vol.\u20098, no.\u20092, pp.\u200974\u201380, 1964, doi: 10.1109\/TME.1964.4323124.","DOI":"10.1109\/TME.1964.4323124"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_022_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac22Aa","unstructured":"B. Badrzadeh, Z. Emin, E. Hillberg, D. Jacobson, L. Kocewiak, G. Lietz, F.\u2009F. Da Silva and M. Val Escudero, \u201cThe Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques and Simulation Tools,\u201d in CIGRE Science & Engineering (CSE), Vol.\u200917, 2020, pp.\u200930\u201346."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_023_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u2009K. Andryushkevich, S.\u2009P. Kovalyov and E. Nefedov, \u201cComposition and Application of Power System Digital Twins Based on Ontological Modeling,\u201d in 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Helsinki, Finland, 2019, pp.\u20091536\u20131542.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN41052.2019.8972267"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_024_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u2009E. Bollinger, H.\u2009S. Khalil, L. Li and W. Norum, \u201cA Method for on-Line Identification of Power System Model Parameters in the Presence of Noise,\u201d IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Syst., vol.\u2009PAS-101, no.\u20099, pp.\u20093105\u20133111, 1982, doi: 10.1109\/TPAS.1982.317522.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1982.317522"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_025_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac25Aa","unstructured":"P.\u2009S. Kundur, Power system stability and control. Chennai, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Auckland, Bogot\u00e1, Caracas, Kuala Lumpur, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Montreal, San Juan, Santiago, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Mc Graw Hill, 1994."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_026_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac26Aa","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 2382:2015, Information technology \u2013 Vocabulary. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/ (accessed: Nov. 26 2018)."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_027_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac27Aa","unstructured":"W. Stagg and A.\u2009H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods In Power System Analysis. International Student Edition: McGraw-Hill, 1968."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_028_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Milano, Power System Modelling and Scripting. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13669-6"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_029_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac29Aa","unstructured":"J. Machowski, J. Bumby and J. Bialek, Power system dynamics: Stability and control. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2013."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_030_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.\u2009W. Sauer, M.\u2009A. Pai and J.\u2009H. Chow, Power system dynamics and stability: With synchrophasor measurement and power system toolbox. Piscataway, NJ, Hoboken, NJ, USA, Chichester: IEEE Press; Wiley, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119355755"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_031_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.\u2009L. Dandeno, \u201cCurrent Usage & Suggested Practices in Power System Stability Simulations for Synchronous Machines,\u201d IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.\u2009EC-1, no.\u20091, pp.\u200977\u201393, 1986, doi: 10.1109\/TEC.1986.4765673.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.1986.4765673"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_032_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac32Aa","unstructured":"K.\u2009R. Padiyar, Power system dynamics: Stability and control, 2nd ed. Hyderabad [India]: BS Publications, 2008."},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_033_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Cole and R. Belmans, \u201cMatDyn, A New Matlab-Based Toolbox for Power System Dynamic Simulation,\u201d IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.\u200926, no.\u20093, pp.\u20091129\u20131136, 2011, doi: 10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2071888.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2071888"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_034_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Stott, \u201cPower system dynamic response calculations,\u201d Proc. IEEE, vol.\u200967, no.\u20092, pp.\u2009219\u2013241, 1979, doi: 10.1109\/PROC.1979.11233.","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1979.11233"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_035_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.\u2009F. Tinney and J.\u2009W. Walker, \u201cDirect solutions of sparse network equations by optimally ordered triangular factorization,\u201d Proc. IEEE, vol.\u200955, no.\u200911, pp.\u20091801\u20131809, 1967, doi: 10.1109\/PROC.1967.6011.","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1967.6011"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_036_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac36Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u2009E. Dy-Liacco, \u201cEnhancing power system security control,\u201d IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol.\u200910, no.\u20093, pp.\u200938\u201341, 1997, doi: 10.1109\/67.595291.","DOI":"10.1109\/67.595291"},{"key":"2023033110482931430_j_auto-2020-0086_ref_037_w2aab3b7d274b1b6b1ab2ac37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.\u2009M. Anderson and A.\u2009A. Fouad, Power system control and stability, 2nd ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2003.","DOI":"10.1109\/9780470545577"}],"container-title":["at - Automatisierungstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/auto\/68\/9\/article-p750.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0086\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T13:07:39Z","timestamp":1680268059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0086\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/auto-2020-0086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-677X","0178-2312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-677X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0178-2312","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]}}}