{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:40:17Z","timestamp":1763620817361},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In Germany, the installed capacity of renewables exceeds the maximum load by far and the transmission task has changed from high-wind locations in the north to the economically strong south. In addition, the system inertia is reduced due to the decommissioning of large power stations. This leads to a higher probability of blackouts and a challenging restoration process. Operation during restoration differs strongly from normal. Besides other effects, the grid frequency is very sensitive to active power imbalances. An accurate power forecast of re-supplied feeders is required to estimate dynamic frequency deviations. Models for cold load pick-up (CLPU) and fluctuating renewable energy sources (RES) infeed are presented. For the coordination between Transmission system operators (TSO) and Distribution system operators (DSO) a clear and structured process is proposed to minimize the communication effort. Power system restoration (PSR) simulations are carried out and the results are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2020-0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T13:25:21Z","timestamp":1599485121000},"page":"790-803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advantages of digitalization in grid restoration"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"W.\u2009H.","family":"Well\u00dfow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Hinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zugck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hilgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Livrozet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mannebach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Picken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Schneiders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amprion GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"G\u00f6rgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westnetz GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Waniek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westnetz GmbH , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_001_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab1Aa","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie. Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland: Stand Februar 2019. 2019."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_002_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab2Aa","unstructured":"Bundesnetzagentur f\u00fcr Elektrizit\u00e4t Gas Telekommunikation Post und Eisenbahnen. Quartalsbericht zu Netz- und Systemsicherheitsma\u00dfnahmen Gesamtjahr und Viertes Quartal 2018. 2019."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_003_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Friend. \u201cCold load pickup issues.\u201d In: 2009 62nd Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers. 2009, pp.\u2009176\u2013187.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPRE.2009.4982512"},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_004_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Edstrom et al.\u201cModeling impact of cold load pickup on transformer aging using Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. \u201d IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 27.2 (2012), pp.\u2009590\u2013595.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2012.2185521"},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_005_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab5Aa","unstructured":"Institut Wohnen und Umwelt (IWU). German building topologies exemplary measures to improve the energy efficiency of the typical residential building. 2015."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_006_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab6Aa","unstructured":"N. Nau. Synthesis of domestic load curves for low voltage grid simulations. Erlangen, 2017."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_007_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab7Aa","unstructured":"VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik Informationstechnik e.V. Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz - Technische Mindestanforderungen f\u00fcr Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz. 2011."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_008_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab8Aa","unstructured":"Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft. Technische Richtlinie Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. 2008."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_009_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ab9Aa","unstructured":"Christian Hachmann et\u2009al. \u201cUnterst\u00fctzung des Netzwiederaufbaus durch Ausregelung der dezentralen Erzeugung im Verteilnetz.\u201d Jan. 2018."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_010_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ac10Aa","unstructured":"European Comission. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2017\/2196 of 24 November 2017 establishing a network code on electricity emergency and restoration. 2017."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_011_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ac11Aa","unstructured":"P. Hinkel et al.\u201cControl Center Interfaces and Tools for Power System Restoration.\u201d In: ETG Kongress. Esslingen, 2019."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_012_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ac12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Ostermann et al.\u201cA Minimum-Regret-Based Optimization Approach for Power System Restoration in EHV Grids.\u201d In: IEEE General Meeting. Chicago, 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2017.8274650"},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_013_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ac13Aa","unstructured":"W. Well\u00dfow et al.\u201cControl Center Tools for Power System Restoration with High Shares of Volatile Generation.\u201d In: CIGRE. Paris, 2018."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_014_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ac14Aa","unstructured":"U. Spanel, G. Krost, and D. Rumpel. \u201cSimulator for inter-company operator training.\u201d Elsevir (2011)."},{"key":"2023033110482933577_j_auto-2020-0093_ref_015_w2aab3b7d308b1b6b1ab2ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u2009D. Zimmerman, C.\u2009E. Murillo-S\u00e1nchez and R.\u2009J. Thomas. \u201cMATPOWER: steady-state operations, planning, and analysis tools for power systems research and education.\u201d IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 26.1 (2011), pp.\u200912\u201319.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2051168"}],"container-title":["at - Automatisierungstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/auto\/68\/9\/article-p790.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0093\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0093\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T13:09:14Z","timestamp":1680268154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0093\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/auto-2020-0093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2020-0093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-677X","0178-2312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-677X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0178-2312","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]}}}