{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:48:10Z","timestamp":1776955690634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This paper assesses practical aspects related to advanced laboratory testing of smart grid applications with Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) approach. Particularly, the general features together with a set of extended use-cases for PHIL testing are introduced. An existing laboratory at TU Dortmund University is presented and considered as a reference for describing the architecture and the principal components of typical advanced laboratory testing infrastructures based on PHIL approach. A number of exemplary testbeds are provided to show the potentially applications of advanced PHIL testing for low-voltage distribution grids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2022-0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T07:07:26Z","timestamp":1669878446000},"page":"1034-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Power hardware-in-the-loop testbeds for advances laboratory testing of smart grid applications"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Alfio","family":"Spina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Systems, Energy Efficiency and Energy Economics (ie ), TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rehtanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Systems, Energy Efficiency and Energy Economics (ie ), TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_001","unstructured":"Federal Ministry for the Environment Nature Conservation Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), Climate Action Plan 2050, 2016 [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/www.bmu.de\/fileadmin\/Daten_BMU\/Pools\/Broschueren\/klimaschutzplan_2050_en_bf.pdf [accessed: Feb. 1, 2021]."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_002","unstructured":"S. Dalhues, Y. Zhou, O. Pohl et al.., \u201cResearch and practice of flexibility in distribution systems: a review,\u201d CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., vol.\u00a05, no.\u00a03, pp.\u00a0285\u2013294, 2019."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. D. Familua, \u201cA review of communication technologies for efficient communication in the smart grid of the 4ir era,\u201d in 2019 IEEE PES\/IAS PowerAfrica, 2019, pp.\u00a0227\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1109\/PowerAfrica.2019.8928755"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_004","unstructured":"A. Spina, \u201cAdvanced laboratory testing of smart grid applications with power hardware-in-the-loop approach,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, 2021 [accessed: Jan. 6, 2021]. Available:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17877\/DE290R-22399."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Rehtanz and X. Guillaud, \u201cReal-time and co-simulations for the development of power system monitoring, control and protection,\u201d in 2016 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), 2016, pp.\u00a01\u201320.","DOI":"10.1109\/PSCC.2016.7541030"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_006","unstructured":"IEEE, \u201cThe authoritative dictionary of IEEE standards terms,\u201d in IEEE Std 100\u20132000, United States of America, IEEE Press, 2000, pp. 1\u20131362."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Spina, R. Palaniappan, D. Hilbrich, U. H\u00e4ger, and C. Rehtanz, \u201cComparison between CHIL simulation and hardware test of a dynamic power flow controller,\u201d in Proc. IEEE PES PowerTech Conf., 2017, pp.\u00a01\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2017.7980968"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Lauss, F. P. Andr\u00e9n, F. Leimgruber, and T. I. Strasser, \u201cAnalyzing standardization needs for CHIL-based testing of power systems and components,\u201d in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics for Sustainable Energy Systems (IESES), 2018, pp.\u00a0523\u2013528.","DOI":"10.1109\/IESES.2018.8349932"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Palaniappan, B. Bauernschmitt, D. Hilbrich, and C. Rehtanz, \u201cAn intelligent measurement and control device for active distribution grids,\u201d in 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2020, pp.\u00a0975\u2013979.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT-Europe47291.2020.9248862"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_010","unstructured":"M. Orr, \u201cSelecting a linear or PWM power source,\u201d Eval. Eng., vol.\u00a047, no.\u00a011, pp.\u00a046\u201351, 2008."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Lehfuss, G. Lauss, P. Kotsampopoulos, N. Hatziargyriou, P. Crolla, and A. Roscoe, \u201cComparison of multiple power amplification types for power Hardware-in-the-loop applications,\u201d in 2012 Complexity in Engineering (COMPENG). Proceedings, 2012, pp.\u00a01\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/CompEng.2012.6242959"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, J. Ballest\u00edn, J. Mu\u00f1oz-Cruzado, and J. F. Sanz, \u201cAnalysis of a switched and linear power amplifier for power hardware-in-the-loop testing of smartgrid systems,\u201d in 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2019, pp.\u00a0747\u2013753.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2019.8868952"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. F. Lauss, M. O. Faruque, K. Schoder, C. Dufour, A. Viehweider, and J. Langston, \u201cCharacteristics and design of power hardware-in-the-loop simulations for electrical power systems,\u201d IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.\u00a063, no.\u00a01, pp.\u00a0406\u2013417, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tie.2015.2464308.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2464308"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_014","unstructured":"W. Ren, \u201cAccuracy evaluation of power hardware-in-the- loop (PHIL) simulation,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, 2007 [Online]. Available at: http:\/\/diginole.lib.fsu.edu\/islandora\/object\/fsu:176356\/datastream\/PDF\/view [accessed: Jan. 6, 2020]."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Brandl, \u201cOperational range of several interface algorithms for different power hardware-in-the-loop setups,\u201d Energies, vol.\u00a010, no.\u00a012, pp.\u00a01\u201321, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en10121946.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10121946"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_016","unstructured":"N. Andreadou, L. L. Jansen, A. Marinopoulos, and I. Papaioannou, \u201cSmart grid laboratories inventory 2018,\u201d Tech. Rep., 2018 [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/jrc [accessed: Aug. 3, 2020]."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Grubbs, gridPULSE: Catalog of National Laboratory Testing Resources for Grid Devices, 2018 [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1528814 [accessed: Aug. 3, 2020].","DOI":"10.2172\/1528814"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Br\u00fcndlinger, T. Strasser, G. Lauss, et al.., \u201cLab tests: verifying that smart grid power converters are truly smart,\u201d IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol.\u00a013, no.\u00a02, pp.\u00a030\u201342, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mpe.2014.2379935.","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2014.2379935"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Reinikka, H. Alenius, T. Roinila, and T. Messo, \u201cPower hardware-in-the-loop setup for stability studies of grid-connected power converters,\u201d in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), 2018, pp.\u00a01704\u20131710.","DOI":"10.23919\/IPEC.2018.8507974"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Kikusato, T. S. Ustun, J. Hashimoto, et al.., \u201cDeveloping power hardware-in-the-loop based testing environment for volt-var\u00a0and frequency-watt functions of 500 kW photovoltaic smart inverter,\u201d IEEE Access, vol.\u00a08, pp.\u00a0224 135\u2013224 144, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2020.3044327.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3044327"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Varais, X. Roboam, F. Lacressonniere, E. Bru, and N. Roux, \u201cReduced scale PHIL emulation concepts applied to power conversion systems with battery storage,\u201d IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.\u00a068, no.\u00a05, pp.\u00a03973\u20133981, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tie.2020.2988220.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.2988220"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Steurer, C. S. Edrington, M. Sloderbeck, W. Ren, and J. Langston, \u201cA megawatt-scale power hardware-in-the-loop simulation setup for motor drives,\u201d IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.\u00a057, no.\u00a04, pp.\u00a01254\u20131260, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tie.2009.2036639.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2036639"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Schmitt, J. Richter, M. Gommeringer, T. Wersal, and M. Braun, \u201cA novel 100 kW power hardware-in-the-loop emulation test bench for permanent magnet synchronous machines with nonlinear magnetics,\u201d in 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016), 2016, pp.\u00a01\u20136.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2016.0280"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Strasser, F. Pr\u00f6stl Andr\u00e9n, G. Lauss, et al.., \u201cTowards holistic power distribution system validation and testing\u2014an overview and discussion of different possibilities,\u201d Elektrotechnik Inf., vol.\u00a0134, no.\u00a01, pp.\u00a071\u201377, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00502-016-0453-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-016-0453-3"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Heussen, C. Steinbrink, I. F. Abdulhadi, et al.., \u201cERIGrid holistic test description for validating cyber-physical energy systems,\u201d Energies, vol.\u00a012, no.\u00a014, pp.\u00a01\u201331, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en12142722.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12142722"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Lundstrom, B. Palmintier, D. Rowe, J. Ward, and T. Moore, \u201cTrans-oceanic remote power hardware-in-the-loop: multi-site hardware, integrated controller, and electric network Co-simulation,\u201d IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol.\u00a011, no.\u00a018, pp.\u00a04688\u20134701, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-gtd.2016.1585.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2016.1585"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bompard, S. Bruno, S. Frittoli, et al.., \u201cRemote PHIL distributed co-simulation lab for TSO-DSO-Customer coordination studies,\u201d in 2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), 2020, pp.\u00a01\u20136.","DOI":"10.23919\/AEIT50178.2020.9241104"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_028","unstructured":"ENTSO-E, \u201cP1-Policy 1: load-frequency control and performance,\u201d Tech. Rep., 2009 [Online]. Available: https:\/\/eepublicdownloads.entsoe.eu\/clean-documents\/pre2015\/publications\/ce\/oh\/Policy1_final.pdf [accessed: Sep. 6, 2019]."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_029","unstructured":"ENTSO-E, \u201cA1-Appendix 1: load-frequency control and performance,\u201d Tech. Rep., 2004 [Online]. Available: https:\/\/eepublicdownloads.entsoe.eu\/clean-documents\/pre2015\/publications\/entsoe\/Operation_Handbook\/Policy_1_Appendix%20_final.pdf [accessed: Sep. 6, 2019]."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Albrecht, C. Strunck, and C. Rehtanz, \u201cHardware-in-the-loop simulation of a battery energy storage system and external storage controller to provide primary control,\u201d in 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech, 2019, pp.\u00a01\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2019.8810796"},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_031","unstructured":"M. Albrecht, W. Horenkamp, M. Eichhorn, and C. Rehtanz, \u201cDevelopment of a novel underfrequency relay and energy storage controller for underfrequency protection,\u201d in Internationaler ETG-Kongress 2019; ETG Symposium, 2019, pp.\u00a01\u20136."},{"key":"2024041208345084458_j_auto-2022-0084_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Martinm\u00e4ki, S. Repo, K. Rauma, A. Spina, and C. Rehtanz, \u201cRobust coordinated voltage control in low-voltage networks validated through an experimental study \u2013 collaboration of an on-load tap changer and a battery energy storage,\u201d in CIRED 2020 Berlin Workshop (CIRED 2020), 2020, pp.\u00a0386\u2013388.","DOI":"10.1049\/oap-cired.2021.0067"}],"container-title":["at - Automatisierungstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2022-0084\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2022-0084\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T08:35:26Z","timestamp":1712910926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2022-0084\/html"}},"subtitle":["Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Testbeds f\u00fcr erweiterte Labortests von Smart-Grid-Anwendungen"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/auto-2022-0084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2022-0084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-677X","0178-2312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-677X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0178-2312","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}