{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:10:13Z","timestamp":1772701813846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article presents a hardware-in-the-loop system that can simulate a patient\u2019s physiological responses to mechanical ventilation. The system includes a hardware platform with a mechatronic lung that can physically simulate the respiratory mechanics. A computational patient model replicates the pressure\/volume behaviour of the lungs and the impaired gas exchange. Based on current ventilator settings, the model calculates signal curves, which are then transmitted to the physically existing sensors. This enables the test bench to reproduce the pressure\/volume behaviour of the lungs and the gas exchange of a simulated patient on mechanical ventilation. In the future, the hardware-in-the-loop system could play an important role in testing and validating highly automated functions in mechanical ventilation and represent an alternative to animal testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2023-0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T09:13:32Z","timestamp":1715073212000},"page":"429-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physiological hardware-in-the-loop test bench for mechanical ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"von Platen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology , 9165 RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennard","family":"Lesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology , 9165 RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnhold","family":"Lohse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology , 9165 RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Leonhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology , 9165 RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology , 9165 RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstr. 20, 52062 Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. von Platen, A. Pomprapa, B. Lachmann, and S. Leonhardt, \u201cThe dawn of physiological closed-loop ventilation-a review,\u201d Crit. Care, vol. 24, pp. 1\u201311, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-020-2810-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2810-1"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. D. Wendel Garcia, et al.., \u201cClosed-loop versus conventional mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 ARDS,\u201d J. Intensive Care Med., vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1184\u20131193, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08850666211024139.","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666211024139"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_003","unstructured":"E. Bialais, et al.., \u201cClosed-loop ventilation mode (IntelliVent\u00ae-ASV) in intensive care unit: a randomized trial,\u201d Minerva Anestesiol., vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 657\u2013668, 2016, 26957117."},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Parvinian, C. Scully, H. Wiyor, A. Kumar, and S. Weininger, \u201cRegulatory considerations for physiological closed-loop controlled medical devices used for automated critical care: food and drug administration workshop discussion topics,\u201d Anesth. Analg., vol. 126, no. 6, pp. 1916\u20131925, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0000000000002329.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002329"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Pasteka, M. Forjan, S. Sauermann, and A. Drauschke, \u201cElectro-mechanical lung simulator using polymer and organic human lung equivalents for realistic breathing simulation,\u201d Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 19778, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56176-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56176-6"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Bautsch, G. M\u00e4nnel, and P. Rostalski, \u201cDevelopment of a novel low-cost lung function simulator,\u201d Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 557\u2013560, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cdbme-2019-0140.","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2019-0140"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. G. Chase, T. Yuta, K. J. Mulligan, G. M. Shaw, and B. Horn, \u201cA novel mechanical lung model of pulmonary diseases to assist with teaching and training,\u201d BMC Pulm. Med., vol.\u00a06, p.\u00a021, 2006, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2466-6-21.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-6-21"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. H. T. Bates, Lung Mechanics: An Inverse Modeling Approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511627156"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_009","unstructured":"The MathWorks Inc., \u201cPID tuning algorithm for linear plant model \u2013 MATLAB pidtune,\u201d 2023 [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/de.mathworks.com\/help\/control\/ref\/dynamicsystem.pidtune.html."},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Chiari, G. Avanzolini, and M. Ursino, \u201cA comprehensive simulator of the human respiratory system: validation with experimental and simulated data,\u201d Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 985\u2013999, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02684134.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02684134"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. J. Batzel, F. Kappel, D. Schneditz, and H. T. Tran, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Control, Philadelphia, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2007.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898717457"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. L. Riley and A. Cournand, \u201cIdeal alveolar air and the analysis of ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lungs,\u201d J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 1, no. 12, pp. 825\u2013847, 1949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1949.1.12.825.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1949.1.12.825"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. B. Lumb, Nunn\u2019s Applied Respiratory Physiology, 8th ed. Elsevier, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6294-0.00025-3"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. W. Severinghaus, \u201cSimple, accurate equations for human blood O2 dissociation computations,\u201d J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 599\u2013602, 1979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.3.599.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.3.599"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. C. Khoo, R. E. Kronauer, K. P. Strohl, and A. S. Slutsky, \u201cFactors inducing periodic breathing in humans: a general model,\u201d J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 644\u2013659, 1982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.3.644.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.3.644"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. F. Fincham and F. T. Tehrani, \u201cA mathematical model of the human respiratory system,\u201d J. Biomed. Eng., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 125\u2013133, 1983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0141-5425(83)90030-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(83)90030-4"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. von Platen, et al.., \u201cSOLVe: a closed-loop system focused on protective mechanical ventilation,\u201d Biomed. Eng. Online, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 47, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-023-01111-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-023-01111-0"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Henn, et al.., \u201cConcept for the testing of automated functions in therapeutic medical devices: Konzept f\u00fcr die Pr\u00fcfung von autonomen Funktionen von therapeutischen Medizinger\u00e4ten,\u201d Automatisierungstechnik, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 946\u2013956, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2022-0010.","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2022-0010"},{"key":"2025022009450629929_j_auto-2023-0215_ref_019","unstructured":"H. C. Ngo Nguyen, \u201cModel-based analysis of respiratory mechanics for diagnosis of cardiopulmonary diseases,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2019."}],"container-title":["at - Automatisierungstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2023-0215\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2023-0215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T09:48:37Z","timestamp":1740044917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2023-0215\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/auto-2023-0215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2023-0215","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2312","2196-677X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2312","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-677X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}