{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:41:32Z","timestamp":1770144092502,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Asset Administration Shell (AAS) is a standard for Digital Twins, a key element of Industry 4.0. In order to realize interoperability as its central prerequisite, manufacturers must implement the formal AAS metamodel specification correctly down to the last detail. To ensure this, conformance testing procedures should be defined and carried out as appropriate quality measures. This article presents comprehensive approaches to carry out formalized metamodel conformance tests for the AAS and its software components by describing the <jats:italic>AAS Test Engines<\/jats:italic>. First, the AAS software ecosystem is analyzed providing a systematic categorization of existing AAS software components. Based on these findings, basic building blocks and test setups needed for AAS conformance testing are identified. Then, implementation of these building blocks in the AAS Test Engines is described. Finally, usage, findings and limits of the presented methods based on a real-world case study from the AAS community are illustrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2024-0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T08:12:16Z","timestamp":1738397536000},"page":"145-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Test engines for the asset administration shell"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Otto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Communication , Werner-Heisenberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 39106 Magdeburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kleinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Information and Automation Systems for Process and Material Technology , Turmstr. 46, 52064 Aachen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_001","unstructured":"Specification of the Asset Administration Shell, Part 1: Metamodel. 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Weidlich. \u201cConformance checking: relating processes and models,\u201d 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99414-7"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_005","unstructured":"Industrial Digital Twin Association, \u201cAAS test engines\u201d. https:\/\/github.com\/admin-shell-io\/aas-test-engines [accessed: Apr. 22, 2024]."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Kubicek, A. Breiter, and J. Jarke, \u201cDaten, metadaten, interoperabilit\u00e4t,\u201d Handbuch digitalisierung in staat und verwaltung, pp.\u00a01\u201313, 2019.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-23669-4_1-1"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_007","unstructured":"Plattform Industrie 4.0, \u201cFunctional view of the asset administration shell in an industrie 4.0 system environment,\u201d Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie, 2021."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Deuter and S. Imort, \u201cPlm\/alm integration with the asset administration shell,\u201d Procedia Manuf., vol.\u00a052, pp.\u00a0234\u2013240, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.11.040.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.11.040"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_009","unstructured":"I. Garmaev, T. H. Miny, T. T. Kleinert, A. Sch\u00fcller, and P. D. Bitterlich, \u201cConcept and realization for the automatic creation of asset administration shells in companies based on exisiting data from different information systems,\u201d in Automation 2022: 23. Leitkongress der Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_010","unstructured":"B. Vogel-Heuser, et al.., \u201cChallenges for software engineering in automation,\u201d J. Software Eng. Appl., p.\u00a02014, 2014."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. L\u00f6cklin, M. M\u00fcller, T. Jung, N. Jazdi, D. White, and M. 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Vrgo\u010d, \u201cFoundations of json schema,\u201d in Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2016, pp.\u00a0263\u2013273.","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883029"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Miny, et al.., \u201cSemi-Automatic testing of data-focused software development kits for industrie 4.0,\u201d in 2022 IEEE 20th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE, 2022, pp.\u00a0269\u2013274.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN51773.2022.9976069"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Braunisch, et al.., \u201cMaturity evaluation of sdks for i4. 0 digital twins,\u201d in 2023 IEEE 28th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), IEEE, 2023, pp.\u00a01\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA54631.2023.10275719"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Fink and M. Bishop, \u201cProperty-based testing: a new approach to testing for assurance,\u201d ACM SIGSOFT Soft. Eng. Notes, vol.\u00a022, no.\u00a04, pp.\u00a074\u201380, 1997, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/263244.263267.","DOI":"10.1145\/263244.263267"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. 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Ratovsky. \u201cOpenAPI specification v3.1.0,\u201d 2021."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_024","unstructured":"Details of the Asset Administration Shell, Part 1 \u2013 The exchange of Information between Partners in the Value Chain of Industrie 4.0 (Version 3.0RC01), Plattform Industrie 4.0, 2020."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_025","unstructured":"Details of the Asset Administration Shell Part 2 \u2013 Interoperability at Runtime \u2013 Exchanging Information via Application Programming Interfaces (Version 1.0RC01). Plattform Industrie 4.0, 2020."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_026","unstructured":"M. Droettboom et al.. \u201cUnderstanding json schema.\u201d 2015, https:\/\/spacetelescope.github.io\/understandingjsonschema\/UnderstandingJSONSchema.pdf. [Accessed: Apr. 14, 2014]."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_027","unstructured":"Industrial Digital Twin Association, \u201cAAS specs,\u201d https:\/\/github.com\/admin-shell-io\/aas-specs [Accessed: Apr. 22, 2024]."},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Otto and T. Kleinert, \u201cTest-Framework zur Qualit\u00e4tssicherung von Verwaltungsschalen-SDKs,\u201d in Automation 2023: 24. Leitkongress der Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik.","DOI":"10.51202\/9783181024195-377"},{"key":"2025020108121246738_j_auto-2024-0150_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Otto and T. K. Fences, \u201cSystematic sample generation for JSON schemas using boolean algebra and flow graphs,\u201d in 2024 IEEE 46th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), IEEE, 2024.","DOI":"10.1145\/3644032.3644451"}],"container-title":["at - Automatisierungstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2024-0150\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2024-0150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T08:13:28Z","timestamp":1738397608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2024-0150\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/auto-2024-0150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2024-0150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2312","2196-677X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2312","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-677X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}